Effecting America One Scandal at a Time

Affecting America One Scandal at once Free Online Research Papers Checks and parities was a thought that emerged during the sythesis of the U.S. Constitution. Balanced governance were made with the goal that nobody single part of government (which incorporates administrative, legal executive, and official) would turn out to be excessively incredible. This idea keeps an oppression from controlling the United States, or any criminal operations to happen inside the legislature. One key case of the force the legal executive and authoritative branches have over the official branch is the Watergate Scandal. The Watergate Scandal is a prime case of how proposals governing rules become an integral factor. Likewise, the occasions of Watergate show how even the president (official branch) is responsible to the legal and authoritative branches. Despite the fact that Nixon had numerous solid attributes of a fruitful pioneer, â€Å"Nixon’s open activities were nothing contrasted with what he had done to guarantee his re-election.† (Carnes, and Garraty 640) â€Å"In response to Daniel Ellsberg’s hole of the Pentagon (papers that discussed how the American Government had deceived the American individuals on the advancement in Vietnam), Nixon set up a mystery unit called â€Å"the plumbers†. This gathering was requested to complete different criminal operations for the sake of â€Å"national security†Ã¢â‚¬ . On June 17, 1972 five men were captured at 2:30a.m, Bernard Barker, Virgilio Gonzlez, Eugenio Martinez, James W. McCord Jr., and Frank Sturgis. These men were employed or potentially requested to set up recording gadgets in the workplaces of the Democratic National Committee at the Watergate Hotel in Washington D.C. At their capture â€Å"Police found walkie-talkies, 40 moves of unexposed film, two 35-milimeter cameras, lock picks, poisonous gas, and bothering gadgets that clearly were fit for getting both phone and room conversations† (Bernstein, and Woodward ). At the point when the knowing about these men at long last occurred, things started to unfurl. When solicited, every one of the men uncovered some association with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The men were â€Å"hired hands, available to come in to work to deal with the agency’s â€Å"less classy work† †. This clearly caused a stir in different zones of the administration, yet Nixon advi sed the White House press secretary to excuse the occurrence as an awful rate theft. This, in spite of the fact that didn't prevent journalists from examining further, indeed, the announcement just made columnists like Bob Woodward, and Carl Bernstein seek after the reality of the situation further. What was Watergate? That was the inquiry journalists were posing. Nobody very realized what it was. Some took the president’s word, and essentially excused it as a crummy rate robbery. Others, similar to the acclaimed Woodward and Bernstein sought after reality of the robbery. At the capture, two of the five men engaged with the break-in, had a location book that â€Å"contained the name and telephone number of a Howard E. Chase, with little documentations â€Å"W. House† and â€Å"W.H† † (Bernstein, and Woodward ). Presently the inquiry had been raised; what business did individuals from the CIA, gaining practical experience in pestering, have with the Whitehouse? As the reporter’s examination proceeded, they found, through FBI sources, that the Whitehouse had assumed control over ownership of the Watergate examination documents. The entire outrage was self-destructing, and the reality of the situation was turning out to be more clear according to the media and all the more significantly the eyes of the American individuals. The outrage had gotten so stunning, that the administrative and legal executive branches felt a squeezing need to step in, and assume responsibility for the official branch. As more disclosures happened, different parts of the administration turned out to be increasingly more associated with the analytical procedure. As the examination proceeded, it was uncovered that Nixon had introduced a taping framework in the Whitehouse, to record all discussions that occurred. After this disclosure, it turned into a specific direness to take a few to get back some composure of the tapes. All things considered, if Nixon or some other Whitehouse official was engaged with the Watergate outrage, at that point their voices would be on the tape, on the off chance that not, at that point they would be liberated from conviction. The Nixon tapes were enduring an onslaught, the indictment expected to get their hands on it. The tapes were pronounced noteworthy for the terrific jury’s criminal examination. This was the first occasion when anybody had ever summoned the president, and Nixon got two around the same time. He got one from the advisory group and one from the investigator, Archibald Cox (Emery 576). Now, Nixon was guaranteeing that neither Congress, nor Cox reserved the privilege to request proof from the official branch, and said it was â€Å"vital to national security†. Nixon’s refusal to hand the tapes over, constrained the Senate Committee to think of a method of compelling Nixon to hand the tapes over. All things considered, Nixon controlled the Department of Justice, the FBI, and the Armed Forces. Nixon’s position as president began to cause issues, for the Senate. They had come to understand that they were at a stop and Nixon had the high ground. His clear authority over significant pieces of the administration was turning into a block. The advisory group was frantic for an arrangement to acquire the recorded tapes, and an answer was at long last given by the indictment. The arrangement was to â€Å"sue for the tapes in government court†. The Senate Committee consented to this arrangement and helped the indictment finish. The claim went to a similar appointed authority as the person who was supervising the Watergate preliminary. The adjudicator â€Å"charged the president to give the tapes to the prosecutor† (Emery 576). The Whitehouse spoke to the Federal Court of advances. The court decided for the appointed authority, and requested the tapes out of Nixon. This goaded Nixon; all things considered, Cox was a worker of the official branch, and was testing his power. In this way, Nixon requested the Attorney General Elliot Richardson to fire Cox. He can't and surrendered. Nixon at that point requested that the representative fire Cox. The delegate additionally surrendered. Nixon at long last asked a third-positioning Justice Department authority to fire Cox, and become the new Attorney General. He concurred. This occurrence was called â €Å"The Saturday Massacre†. This welcomed a great deal of weight down on Nixon; he along these lines consented to select another examiner. The examiner was Leon Jaworski. The examiner concurred under the condition that Nixon couldn't fire him. Thus, as the preliminary proceeded, the tapes were analyzed and accordingly a disturbing revelation was made. There was a 18-minute hole in one of the tapes (Emery 576). â€Å"Prosecutor Jaworski requested that the Whitehouse turn more than 69 additional tapes. Indeed the Supreme Court decided that Nixon needed to flexibly the summoned tapes† (Emery 576). On July 27th-30th, the Judiciary Committee proposed that Nixon be impugned on three charges: hindrance of equity, maltreatment of presidential force, and attempting to frustrate the prosecution procedure by resisting advisory group summons. The board decided on his indictment, and the vote conflicted with him. Thusly Nixon needed to stand preliminary before the U.S Senate and was seen as liable. In the outcome, the Whitehouse discharged a transcript of the tapes. In it, there was a discussion among Nixon and Haldeman (Nixon’s head of staff). Nixon advised Haldeman to stop the FBI’s examination of Watergate. This â€Å"made it clear that Nixon was engaged with the concealment from the beginning† (Emery 576). At nine-o’clock on August 8, 1974 Nixon made his last discourse as president. He just confessed to losing the two branches’ support. Around early afternoon, the Vice-president, Gerald R. Passage, was initiated. He told the American individuals in his discourse that â€Å"†¦our long national bad dream is over† (Emery 576) â€Å"President Ford demanded he had no expectation of exculpating Nixon† (Brown Tindall, and Emory Shi 1264). In any case, on September 1974, Ford gave the exoneration to Nixon, clarifying this was important to end the national fixation (particularly by the media) with Watergate. Following the Watergate Scandal, Congress council restricted the genuine info any president had in outer illicit relationships. The War Powers Act (1973) â€Å"requires a president to advise Congress inside forty-eight hours if U.S. troops are conveyed in battle abroad and to pull back soldiers following sixty days except if Congress explicitly supports their stay† (Brown Tindall, and Emory Shi 1264). Congress additionally had a response to Nixon’s â€Å"executive privileges† by reinforcing the 1966 Freedom of Information Act. Before the finish of 1975, corrections to the Freedom of Information Act had gotten viable and the Privacy Act of 1974 likewise got successful. â€Å"The entry of these laws accommodated wide access to FBI records which recently had been seriously restricted. In the previous twenty or more years, the FBI has taken care of more than 300,000 solicitations and more than 6,000,000 pages of FBI reports have been discharged to the general popula tion in paper format.† (Freedom of Information Act (USA)). The Watergate Scandal, and the gatherings included played a key factor in the forming of the official branch that we have today. Constraints and rules have been set; there is not, at this point a danger of the pushing of limits by the president, his delegated bureau, or the government offices that are in direct control of the official branch. Despite the fact that these demonstrations of enactment have constrained the official branch, they have not blocked the activity of the administration in at any rate. As should be obvious, governing rules have been a key point of convergence from the production of American popular government. In this manner we should believe different parts of our legislature to carry out their responsibilities and post for the wellbeing of our nation and exercise their capacity of keeping up the equalization of forces. Examination

Vocabulary Game for English Language Learners (ELL students) Essay

Jargon Game for English Language Learners (ELL understudies) - Essay Example The game in this introduction is one that centers around the utilization of relational words and descriptors. This experience can be identified with what I have found out about ELL and how they associate with material just as the advantages of up close and personal connection. It additionally identifies with things like the advancement of education. â€Å"There is a developing worry over the capacity of the instructive framework to address the issues of the inexorably assorted multiethnic, multilingual study hall. Unmistakable among these necessities is the obtaining of proficiency aptitudes. Lately, analysts have started to challenge oversimplified thoughts about the improvement of English as a Second Language (ESL)1 proficiency skills† (Geva, 2000). The game is essentially a variety of tic-tac-toe. Most understudies, even those from different nations, know about tic-tac-toe, and in the event that they are not, it doesn't take long for the instructor to clarify it, and for them to get on during play. The game starts with the educator utilizing a whiteboard and marker to draw the tic-tac-toe framework. In each square of the matrix, a relational word and modifier are put, with the â€Å"to be† action word included where vital. For instance, in the first round, the network might be â€Å"be apprehensive of,† â€Å"vote for,† â€Å"be certain in,† â€Å"be wedded to,† â€Å"take from,† â€Å"fight for,† â€Å"dream about,† and so on., with one expression in each square. The understudies at that point pair into twos. One understudy is X; the other is O. The understudies alternate utilizing the relational word and descriptive word in their own model, to get the square. At the poin t when the game is finished, the triumphant understudy can play the following understudy up, in a cooperative effort, if essential. In the event that there is no victor in the tic-tac-toe game, the instructor should proceed onward to another gathering of two understudies. Generally speaking, this is a progressively successful game to play in classes of ten or less understudies, since this still

The sun comes up, then goes away

The sun comes up, then goes away EDIT, 6/11/06: Due to some server problems, this entry and its comments got lost, so if you commented, please comment again! Well, commencement is over, and Im officially an MIT graduate. Thats still a little weird, and Im not sure if Im going to believe it for a while. Thanks so much to those of you who watched the webcast and saw me get my diplomas you have a lot more patience than I do! (I was threatening not to go to graduation last night, mostly because I believe strongly in keeping up a tough facade.) It did not, thank heavens, rain on commencement this year, despite weather reports to the contrary and despite the weather pattern thats been plaguing the Boston area this week. Harvards commencement was yesterday, and they got deluged; somebody managed to dig the MIT weather machine out of its box today and get it humming before the class of 2006 took the stage. Everybody was really anxious about the weather, both because it sucks to sit outside in awful weather and because alums had told everybody that the graduation robes bleed red in the rain. My friend Tulasi 06 and I have promised each other since freshman year that wed wear Manolo Blahniks at graduation, but Im really glad we didnt hold each other to that one the ground was squishy! The graduates process from Johnson Athletic Center to Killian Court, too, so Im glad my shoes were sensible, even if they werent works of art. A lot of people wore cool stuff on their mortarboards rubber ducks, flowers, their name in crystals, the letters of their fraternity, ILTFP, and even an entire schooltime tableau with little playing figurines. My friend Wayne 06 wore a fake mustache, because he thought it would be funny for the official graduation pictures, although I dont think his mother agreed with him. MIT alum (and, of course, the chairman of the Federal Reserve) Ben Bernanke PhD 79 gave the guest address, and he gave us a lot to think about. My favorite part of his address: Your training at MIT equips each of you exceptionally well to take full advantage of the personal opportunities that technological innovation and change will create. Each of you, because of your youth, your talent, your demonstrated commitment to learning, and your personal and intellectual achievements during your time at MIT, will soon find, to paraphrase Shakespeare, that the world is your oyster I hope you find some measure of financial reward. But the world has a great deal more to offer than money, and the key question each of you will face repeatedly in your lives is how to use the talent and the education that you have been given and the knowledge you have obtained I hope you will not be afraid to be unconventional, to do something that nobody else has thought of before. And remember that the path to success and fulfillment may not be well-marked, the scaling of some predetermined ladder. It may instead be a road without signs and without maps. And remember, its okay to fail. Really. New opportunities will always arise for those who seek them. I was secretly hoping that hed slip in a line at the end like And in conclusion, I am raising interest rates 500000%! and send Wall Street into a frenzy, and I could be like I was there! But advice of the sort he gave is, of course, always welcome too. And what entry about commencement would be complete without pictures? Graduation was held, as always, in Killian Court. The procession started with important people looking like they were going to a Renaissance festival (seriously, academic regalia is weird) and basically stretched all the way back to Johnson. It was a long line! MITs commencement celebrates the graduation of about 1000 undergrads and another 1200 masters and PhD students. Find me in the procession! (In this picture I am smiling. In the next one my dad took, its pretty obvious that Im trying not to cry.) Me the graduate! The double diploma dance! I have been promising to dance at graduation with a diploma in each hand ever since I decided I was going to double-major. It was just as sweet as it looks. My family came up from Ohio last night to see me graduate, and were going out with Adams family tonight for a big dinner to celebrate my graduation and Adams 21st birthday. Do we look any different than we did at my high school graduation? (Other than the fact that my brothers about a foot taller)

Different Perspectives On The Field Of Policy Essay

1.) Wheelan and Stone present very different perspectives on the field of policy analysis. Describe their perspective using examples from the text. Which perspective do you believe in? Is there a way the two perspectives can co-exist? The perspectives that Wheelan and Stone presents that differentiate from the tow is the basis of how they view public policy and its impact on its citizens. Wheelan approaches the public policy realm from an impactful view of society and how institutions are the driving force behind public policy. Wheelan mentions, â€Å"what any society’s major challenges will always have in common is that they fall under the rubric of public policy, meaning that they cannot be addressed satisfactorily by a single individual or by one entrepreneurial firm† (Wheelan xxi). I believe what he is saying is that the nature of public policy has become so broad and complex that to address the root cause of the issue would never be solved by an individual, group, or entity. Wheelan instead says that public policy would require communal decisions such as where should a new airport be built? How should we protect ourselves against our external enemies? And what substances can or cannot be dumped in a communal water source? (Wheelan xxii). These questions that as a human society and even a human being, we must tackle as the policy decisions that are proposed and presented, will have major and long lasting impacts on society. Furthermore, Wheelan believes that â€Å"public policyShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment : Effective Or Inefficient?1428 Words   |  6 Pagesbecause of crimes but does this Rule/Law is really efficient or inefficient? As in usual some policies can be agreed and disagreed by the individuals. There is many countries apply this rule in such crimes, for example Saudi Arabia apply this rule on who kills innocent people, gets out of the law, and terrorists in general. 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Literature Has The Power Of Free - 2443 Words

Sandra Gonzalez Mrs. Enix Period 7 19 December 2014 Literature Frees Literature has the power to free. Books have the strength to break the bondages of slavery, both literally and figuratively. Literature has the ability to give enslaved men hope for a different life and the drive to achieve it. Books have the power to shatter the racism and the prejudice found in every corner of the world and free the people who are locked into the stereotypes of their race, their religion, their family, their friends, their neighborhood. Even zealous individuals, who feel strongly about their religion or their views on racism and controversial issues such as abortion, marijuana, or LGBT rights, can be changed by one book. Prejudiced minds and racist hearts are nothing to the power of literature. Books and poems, short stories and plays have all changed lives. To some people, reading takes them to other places, places they could never afford to go to, nor have the chance to go. 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Confirmation Bias Free Essays

Confirmation Bias Rosemarie Hamm September 21, 2012 Confirmation Bias Confirmation bias is the human habit of seeking information that confirms one’s judgments or assumptions. One’s current feelings about a situation, memory, or person influence one’s thoughts and memories about that situation, memory, or person. If one is feeling negatively about something or someone, the individual will often recall the worst factors or memories about that person or circumstances. We will write a custom essay sample on Confirmation Bias or any similar topic only for you Order Now However; if one is feeling positively about something or someone, the individual may recall the best factors or memories about that person or circumstances. In this way, one confirms his or her own current feelings. This can end badly; if bad feelings lead to bad memories; which then lead to more bad feelings, in a vicious cycle. This may also cause problems when someone becomes overconfident about someone or something; when his or her positive feelings lead to positive memories and positive expectations [ (Myers, 2012) ]. An example of confirmation bias in relation to negative feelings could be found in a friendship ending without just cause. One person may develop a negative attitude about a friendship. This individual may recall the worst times and forget the best times; which confirms his or perceptions. These perceptions then contribute to more negative memories, and cause a downward spiraling effect [ (Myers, 2012) ]. An example of confirmation bias in relation to positive feelings could be found in a dysfunctional romantic relationship. It is common to overlook negative traits in a new romantic relationship. Positive feelings often affect one’s perceptions of the other individual. One partner may be dishonest or irresponsible; but the other partner may not realize this. The other partner’s positive feelings are masking his or her perceptions of the dishonest or irresponsible partner. The dysfunctional romantic relationship will continue until this cycle ends [ (Myers, 2012) ]. References Myers, D. (2012). Exploring social psychology. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. How to cite Confirmation Bias, Essay examples

Knowledge Work and Organization

Introduction Many organizations in different sectors are using community of practice and innovation to improve on their productivity. Community of practice and innovation are interrelated in some ways. This study seeks to identify their similarities, differences and the effects each have on the organization. The last part explains the challenges that firms that participate in social networks face.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Knowledge Work and Organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Communities of Practice From the community’s point of view, communities of practice are groups of people who come together to meet a common goal. In the business perspective, it is a group of self-motivated people who follow laid out procedures and are challenged to train the persons working with them in order to improve their productivity (Wenger 2000, p.45). These communities of practice are responsible for the smoo th running of the organization. Therefore, they are accountable using their knowledge and skills, are included in the planning of the budget of the organization, and provide the time schedule for the activities carried out in the organization. They have artifacts which are documents, websites and stories and the appointed member maintain them since they are useful in the organization (Kortum Lerner 2000, p.680). According to Fageberg, Mowery and Nelson (2005, p.362), the communities of practice combine three elements in defining competence. They are brought together by understanding the values of their community and every member is accountable to sustain the relationship between them. For a person to be competent in the community of practice, he/she has to be a trusted member and to engage in the activities of the community (Kortum Lerner 2000, p.688). The success of every group depends on the competence and the ability of the leader to engage the whole group in the process of mee ting their goal. During the establishment of the community of practice, members should put in mind what will be bringing them together like the events, who will be leading the group, the projects, connectivity and membership. Unlike closed innovation, any person within or outside the organization can be involved in performing duties that will lead to the success of the organization (Robertson, Paul Langlois 1995, p.560). Innovation Innovation involves bringing valuable ideas into the firm. There are different types of innovation, the closed and open innovation. Open innovation is when those ideas come from inside or outside the firm and are meant to benefit the organization as a whole. Most of the people who create these ideas are from outside the firm and sometimes they are hired to educate employees in the organization on how to implement the ideas. Innovation in this case is the methods that organizations choose to use in response to the challenges in the business environment. T hey involve changing of the traditional practices of the organization to new practices with an aim of improving the productivity of the whole organization.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Innovation includes the introduction of machines and technology that in return requires trained personnel who are ready to apply their knowledge with the help of technology to achieve the objective of the firm (Trott Hartmann 2009, p.720). Open innovation principles states that the external research and development creates more value than the closed innovation. The organizations that use closed innovation believe that they have enough skills required to perform a particular task so they do not require help from outside the company. They believe that if they discover things for themselves, they will be the first to venture into the market. These companies are so self-centered and do not all ow others to benefit from their ideas. This is totally contrary to what open innovators perceive (Dasgupta 2003, p.320). Innovation involves generation of ideas that are essential for an organization to maintain its position in the market. Therefore, it differs from the community of practice in that the community of practice follows the ideas that the innovators have already generated in operating the organization and maintaining their relationship. Innovation involves education, technology and training in the organization (Chesbrough 2006, p.111). The employees are trained on the use of new technologies in their practices to become competent and add productivity. Community of practice uses the ideas to meet the goals and objectives of the whole organization. Therefore, the community of practice requires innovation in their daily work. However, both innovation and community of practice involve learning and training in the performance (Francis 2000, p.34). Social capital is the abili ty to find, combine and utilize knowledge and skills of employees within and outside the organization. Just like open innovation, social capital involves employees from outside the individual organization. Social capital encompasses the information flows, exchange of knowledge, community of practice and all other connected networks that bring together stakeholders in an organization. These stakeholders include suppliers, regulators, employees, customers and partners that are all interested in different aspects of the organization. The social capital and community of services are interconnected since both involve innovative practices. The social capital is obtained from employee business networks and the profession.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Knowledge Work and Organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More An organization that is able to apply the social capital is always more productive that the one that ha s no social capital. Innovation is an essential aspect for the productivity of the firm. â€Å"Social capital provides benefits to both the individual and the group as a whole† (Burt Ronald 1992, p.45). Differences between open innovation and communities of practice Communities of practice are groups of people in organizations who converge, share ideas about performing a duty or meeting a goal and learns how to the duty better to get the best practices. Open innovation on the other hand involves identifying and bringing together internal and external resources and ideas to expand on their innovation strategy with an aim of maintaining the firm’s market position on getting new opportunities (Amina Roberts 2008, p. 359) Open innovation is a cognitive model researching, creating and interpreting innovation practices while the communities of practice are not a cognitive model. Communities are not restricted by the organization’s structure, they involve people acr oss the geographical and organizational limits while the open innovation is limited by the structure of the organization and must follow the hierarchy. Similarities of the communities of practice and the open innovation The community of practice must use the technology while still sharing their ideas and learning more about those ideas. Similarly, open innovation involves the use technological practices to bring new ideas in an organization (Amina Roberts 2008, p. 354). Both communities of practice and open innovation involve a group of individuals in an organization and are aimed at improving the performance of the firm (Hardcastle 2011, p.52). The members of both communities of practice and the innovation group are from different professions and are not restricted to one organization but involve internal and external knowledge in the improvement of the firms’ performance. Communities of practice and open innovation involve the process of learning searching for informat ion about how they can create new markets or future opportunities for the organization. Challenges Faced by the Organizations’ Social Networks As discussed earlier, the community of practice, the social capital and the practice-based networks depend so much on innovation. Innovation depends so much on the technology which most of the employees fear since they think that they will lose their jobs. The community of practice may come up with ideas that can cost the organization a lot of money and resources that the organization may not afford. The organization can be forced to borrow or hire the resources, which affect the budget and affect the productivity of the organization. The social groups in the organization require frequent training, which can also be costly to the organization (Francis 2000, p.40). Through innovation, the leaders in the organization may be over possessed with competition giving much pressure to the other employees and reduces their productivity. Accord ing to Chesbrough and Melissa (2007, p. 69), the community of practice in many cases asks for higher pay than the others since they have more responsibilities of changing the old practice of the organization to new improved processes. This is a major challenge for the organization. People perceive ideas differently therefore, for an organization to benefit fully from the community of practice and the social capital, the members involved must understand each other’s behavior. This will help them accommodate each other. The organization is responsible for the education and leadership of this individual in understanding each other and enhancing their knowledge (Chesbrough Melissa 2007, p.62). Conclusion Changes in technology around the world have improved the performance of organizations. Firms traditionally used the closed innovation in their research and development but today they have changed to open innovation. Communities of practice are also used in all organizations in a ll sectors to develop ideas on increasing the productivity of the firm. However, companies are faced with so many challenges in the process of promoting their social groups. This is because the decision making process is slowed by a number of people whose perspective is different from policy makers but trust, negotiation and consultations bring the ideas together.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More List of References Amina, A and Roberts, J 2008, Knowing in action: Beyond communities of practice, Elsevier B.V, vol , 37, pp, 353–369. Burt, Ronald, S 1992, Structural holes: The social structure of competition, Harvard University Press, London. Chesbrough, H and Melissa M, 2007, Open innovation and strategy appleyard, California Management Review, vol.50, no.1, pp.57-76. Chesbrough, W 2006, Open innovation: the new imperative for creating and profiting from technology, Harvard Business Press, New York. Dasgupta, P 2003, Social capital and economic performance: Analytics, in foundations of social capital, Critical Studies In Economic Institutions, vol.2, no.1, pp.309–39. Fageberg, J, Mowery, D Nelson, R 2005, Oxford handbook of innovation, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Francis, F 2000, The great disruption: Human nature and the reconstruction of social order, Simon and Schuster, New York. Hardcastle, D 2011, Community practice: Theories and skills for social work ers, Oxford University Press, Oxford, Kortum, S and Lerner, J 2000, Assessing the contribution of venture capital to innovation, Journal of Economics, vol.31, no.2, pp.674–692. Robertson, Paul L. and Langlois, R 1995, Innovation, Networks, and Integration, Research Policy, vol. 24, pp.543-562. Trott, P and Hartmann, D 2009, Why Open Innovation is old wine in new bottles, International Journal of Innovation Management, vol.13, no.2, pp.715–736. Wenger, E 2000, Communities of practice and social learning systems, Sage, New York. This essay on Knowledge Work and Organization was written and submitted by user Elijah George to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

ALbert Einstein and his incredible mind essays

ALbert Einstein and his incredible mind essays E=mc2- Einstein and his Incredible Mind Albert Einstein. It is a name we all know, the name of perhaps the greatest thinker of the 20th century. He revolutionized the world with his thinking, not just in physics, but also in philosophy, ethics, and religion. Kip Thorne, a California Institute of Technology physicist, attributes Einstein's deep insight to his "conviction that the universe loves simplicity and beauty... His willingness to be guided by this conviction, even if it meant destroying the foundations of Newtonian physics, led him, with a clarity of thought that others could not match, to his new description of space and time." In 2000, he was named Time Magazines Person of the Century. That alone can tell you how deeply Einstein affected the way we see our world. He altered the worlds thinking so radically, that his formulas and hypotheses are held as the foundation for modern science. Every great life must begin somewhere; every famous person must spring from humble beginnings. Albert Einstein was born U lm, Germany on March 14th in 1879. His parents, Hermann and Pauline Einstein were from ordinary, middle-class families of Jewish descent. A year after Albert was born, the family moved to Munich. It was in Munich that Alberts only sibling, Maria, was born. At first, the Einsteins were perfectly content with their life, and they doted on their two lovely children. But as time went on, they began to wonder if perhaps something was wrong with young Albert. He was extremely slow in learning to speak. For a time, his parents even feared that he was retarded. His teachers disliked him because of his slow speech and questioning nature. Years later, it was this curious nature which led him to create the theory of relativity. He was constantly questioning the laws by which his world was governed. It was this quality that helped him become a great scientist. ...

ALbert Einstein and his incredible mind essays

ALbert Einstein and his incredible mind essays E=mc2- Einstein and his Incredible Mind Albert Einstein. It is a name we all know, the name of perhaps the greatest thinker of the 20th century. He revolutionized the world with his thinking, not just in physics, but also in philosophy, ethics, and religion. Kip Thorne, a California Institute of Technology physicist, attributes Einstein's deep insight to his "conviction that the universe loves simplicity and beauty... His willingness to be guided by this conviction, even if it meant destroying the foundations of Newtonian physics, led him, with a clarity of thought that others could not match, to his new description of space and time." In 2000, he was named Time Magazines Person of the Century. That alone can tell you how deeply Einstein affected the way we see our world. He altered the worlds thinking so radically, that his formulas and hypotheses are held as the foundation for modern science. Every great life must begin somewhere; every famous person must spring from humble beginnings. Albert Einstein was born U lm, Germany on March 14th in 1879. His parents, Hermann and Pauline Einstein were from ordinary, middle-class families of Jewish descent. A year after Albert was born, the family moved to Munich. It was in Munich that Alberts only sibling, Maria, was born. At first, the Einsteins were perfectly content with their life, and they doted on their two lovely children. But as time went on, they began to wonder if perhaps something was wrong with young Albert. He was extremely slow in learning to speak. For a time, his parents even feared that he was retarded. His teachers disliked him because of his slow speech and questioning nature. Years later, it was this curious nature which led him to create the theory of relativity. He was constantly questioning the laws by which his world was governed. It was this quality that helped him become a great scientist. ...

ALbert Einstein and his incredible mind essays

ALbert Einstein and his incredible mind essays E=mc2- Einstein and his Incredible Mind Albert Einstein. It is a name we all know, the name of perhaps the greatest thinker of the 20th century. He revolutionized the world with his thinking, not just in physics, but also in philosophy, ethics, and religion. Kip Thorne, a California Institute of Technology physicist, attributes Einstein's deep insight to his "conviction that the universe loves simplicity and beauty... His willingness to be guided by this conviction, even if it meant destroying the foundations of Newtonian physics, led him, with a clarity of thought that others could not match, to his new description of space and time." In 2000, he was named Time Magazines Person of the Century. That alone can tell you how deeply Einstein affected the way we see our world. He altered the worlds thinking so radically, that his formulas and hypotheses are held as the foundation for modern science. Every great life must begin somewhere; every famous person must spring from humble beginnings. Albert Einstein was born U lm, Germany on March 14th in 1879. His parents, Hermann and Pauline Einstein were from ordinary, middle-class families of Jewish descent. A year after Albert was born, the family moved to Munich. It was in Munich that Alberts only sibling, Maria, was born. At first, the Einsteins were perfectly content with their life, and they doted on their two lovely children. But as time went on, they began to wonder if perhaps something was wrong with young Albert. He was extremely slow in learning to speak. For a time, his parents even feared that he was retarded. His teachers disliked him because of his slow speech and questioning nature. Years later, it was this curious nature which led him to create the theory of relativity. He was constantly questioning the laws by which his world was governed. It was this quality that helped him become a great scientist. ...

Shareable Content 15 Ways to Create It That Will Explode Your Traffic

Shareable Content 15 Ways to Create It That Will Explode Your Traffic You see a piece of content and less than a day later it’s all over the web. It looks like its creators didn’t even try, and suddenly  as if by magic, thousands of people are sharing it. Then there’s your content. You’re sending it out everyone on social media and via email. Yet, you’re not gaining the traction that you want. There is a way to fix that. At least 15 of them, in fact, which were about to run through. In this blog post you’re going to learn: What  makes viral content so shareable? How can you replicate those shareable traits with your own content? What highly shared content really looks like. What are you waiting for? Check out our top tips for creating shareable content and  find success for yourself. 15 Ways To Create Shareable Content That Will Explode Your TrafficDownload Your Shareable Content Tips Infographic As a bonus, weve included this fact-packed infographic with interesting stats on shareable content. Download it and keep it on hand for any time you need a reminder about what makes shareable content so important. 1.  Do Competitive Research One of the easiest ways to create content people want to pass around is to look at what's worked for others. So, creep on your competitors! Looking at what your competitors are doing and what their audience is reacting to is a great way to find insights on the content your audience wants to see. Here’s a list of what you need to do to be a successful competitor-tracking Sherlock Holmes: Make a list of your top five competitors and the social media channels you both are on. Where are you competitors at online? If you’re on the same channels that means that you’re directly competing with them for traffic. Take a look at the last six months of content that they have published.  This will involve a lot of scrolling and note taking. Are they publishing blogs, videos, or some other type of content? What types of content are you publishing that are similar to theirs? Note content that has gotten high engagement on each channel. If videos are going over well for your competitor on Facebook take note of that. Then look at specifics, what are they doing in those videos that is causing a reaction from their audience? Use their high engagement content to inspire your own content.  By seeing what your intended audience is already reacting too you can take those conceptions and make them your own. Take what your competitors are writing about and make it 10x better. Make your audience see that you are the best option. Create content that shows your audience you're the best option.2. Tell A Story With Your Content Next, let's cover how to craft strong storytelling content. Why is storytelling an important part of creating shareable content? Because it allows your audience to see themselves in a given situation, making it more relatable to their day-to-day experience. So how can you make your content tell a story for your audience? Craft your content so it has a clear beginning, middle, and end. At the end of it you should be able to answer the question, â€Å"Did my content relate to my audience and get them from point A to point B clearly?† So let’s map that out. or each piece of content that you create, write down the following: The problem that your audience is experiencing. The solution that your product or company can provide. How are you going to tell a story that will take your audience from Point A to Point B? Think about the steps it takes for a consumer to start with a problem and arrive at a solution: How can you create storytelling content for social media? Take a look at this post from State Farm Insurance: Some surprises are bigger than others. No matter what, were here to help. Posted by State Farm on Monday, June 13, 2016 The video does a few things. First, it introduces a pair of common problems; one is that is a bit light-hearted and one more serious. Both of these problems or experiences people can relate to. The video continues and leads viewers from Point A (being able to buy products you love and possibly having them stolen) to Point B (learning that State Farm can protect you should the worst happen to your new purchase). The video resolves by showing the audience that no matter the situation, State Farm will be there in the good times to reward them and in the bad times to help them. The copy is short but the video still tells a story with a bit of humor.  And since it's on social media, it's naturally convenient to share. Recommended Reading: How to Write a Video Script That Will Make $100,000,000 (Free Kit) 3. Validate Your Audience’s Opinions Another way to create shareable content is to validate your audience’s opinions. Content that reinforces the opinions your audience holds is easy to share because they now have proof from a reliable source (you!) that their opinions are correct. So how do you create that content? You need to think back to your audience. What do they like and believe in? For example, if I was targeting marketers, I  could talk about topics I know the marketing community has polarizing opinions around. That might include something like hashtag usage on Facebook (don't do it) or using automated direct messages on Twitter (again, that's another one in the "don't" column). I know that people in my target audience care about these topics because they’re relevant to their jobs. There’s also the fact that people will have an opinion on whether or not my observations are correct. So how can you find that information? Think about your demographic, what are they interested in? What do people in your industry care about? What do they have differentiating opinions on? What are some of the opinions that you have already posted about? What did your audience have a positive reaction towards? If they feel a certain way about something, you can probably guess they have a certain belief. So what does this type of content look like in action? Take a look at this Facebook post from Girl Develop It: .TechRepublic names their top 10 cities for #womenintech in the US. Nearly all of them have a local GDI chapter! http://tek.io/2nfsGWb Posted by Girl Develop It onTuesday, March 28, 2017 While Girl Develop It didn’t write the article that they shared (and that’s okay) this article would still appeal to the beliefs of their audience. Why? Because they are an organization focused on getting women involved in tech by teaching them how to code. So it would make sense that their audience would be excited about cities that higher a lot of women in the tech field. Encourage social shares by reaffirming your audience's beliefs, values, goals, and opinions.3. How Can You Use Controversy In Your Content? Why would you want to cause controversy with your content? That seems like the exact opposite of what you would want to do. Wouldn’t you rather have people agree with you? Not necessarily. You can actually cause your audience to become more certain in their opinions because they want to prove that they’re right. So how can you create the content that will play devil’s advocate to your audience’s opinions? Your exercise this time will be the reverse of the previous one. If your audience aligns their values on one side of an argument, how could you reintroduce the other side to encourage shares? So what does this content look like? Let’s go back to the marketer targeting example from earlier. Check out this tweet from Luis Costa: Will Writing That E-Book Really Boost Your Business? https://t.co/Vcouf7BKYD Luà ­s Costa (@luiscostainfo) July 6, 2017 Often times people hear â€Å"publish your content, establish yourself as an expert in the field.† One of the ways that marketers can do that is by publishing an e-book. It makes sense right? They’re easy to self-publish and you have a wealth of information to share. But what if that ebook isn’t necessarily your best option? That’s exactly what this article does. It takes a commonly held assumption, flips it on its head and plays devil’s advocate. Doing this causes one of two things to happen. Either: You’ll click the post because you want to see what this person is talking about. You know you’re right and you want to see where the author came to that conclusion so you can argue and reinforce your own ideas. Drive social shares by contradicting a widely held opinion.4. Create Incentives For Sharing Your Content Everybody likes free stuff right? Whether it’s a T-shirt or a strategy template, free stuff often equals content shares. People like getting a reward for the time it takes to do, well, anything, too. So, how does this relate to content? You can help increase your shares by incentivizing your audience to take action. So how can you find out what your audience likes? You guessed it, more exercises yay! Take a look at past giveaways, free downloads, and other incentives you’ve offered your audience. Did you incentivize anything there? If so, what did your audience respond well to? So what does incentivizing your content look like? Take a look at this tweet from Passion Planner: You can win this beautiful wall tapestry Undated Passion Planner by following 2 easy steps:😄1. Follow @passion_planner 2. RT this post pic.twitter.com/CqnRdwiSgo Passion Planner (@passion_planner) May 24, 2017 They encourage shares because it’s what will enter them to win a fun prize package. And entering to win is simple, all they have to do is click a button. So how can you do this for your own content? Decide what your giveaway or incentive for people to share your content will be. Set a date and time that their shares need to be done by. Remember to add CST, PST, especially if your fan base spans across the country. For Twitter, it’s relatively easy to track shares because all you have to do is count retweets. Facebook is a little more difficult to track shares because you won’t be able to see the actual shared post unless their post settings are set to public. Once your deadline has passed,  review your content shares and select a winner. Send out posts letting your fans know that a winner has been selected and tag them so they can claim their prize. For more information, this detailed guide on running social media contests  from Hubspot is a great resource. Shareable #content #tip: Give people an incentive to share your stuff.5. Appeal To Your Audience’s Values Another way to connect your audience to your content and encourage them to share it is to create content that revolves around their values. Your audience wants to know that the values of your company or product align with theirs. Connecting their values to your content is one way to show that you care. Okay, so that’s great advice but how do you implement it? We’re going back into your audience research. You know what your audience believes and some of the basic demographics of your target audience. You may have to generalize a bit, but what would your target demographic care about? For example, if you’re targeting new moms, maybe your content connects to a fundraiser for the March of Dimes. Or, maybe your audience cares about products that are made in the USA so you run a blog post on how the new line of products coming into your store Or, maybe your audience cares about products that are made in the USA, so you run a blog post on how the newest line of products coming into your store is made in the USA only. One way to figure out the values of your audience is to look to your past content. What values have you talked about before that your audience has made a connection with? Now, what does that content look like in action? Take the ASPCA for example. Everyone likes cute puppies and kitties, they tug at your heartstrings and make you feel. Here is a cute fluffy puppy to prove my point: The ASPCA does a great job creating content that encourages people to share content because who doesn’t want to see a tiny kitten get adopted? Meet our Pet of the Week, Bellona! Shes sweet, curious and attentive, help us find her a home please RT! https://t.co/jQyqRyqBrP pic.twitter.com/E00bFzg8kZ ASPCA (@ASPCA) June 20, 2017 It’s simple values and content that make it easy for your audience to want to share it.  The easiest way to do this is to create posts that state the values of your company. You could format them like: You care about [Value]. At [Brand name] we do to! At [Insert Brand Name] we’re constantly looking forward which is why we believe in [Value]. Our customers believe in [Value], [Value] and [Value]. At [Brand Name] we do too. Recommended Reading: How to Write for Social Media to Create the Best Posts 6. Make Your Content Useful In order to encourage shares, your content needs to be useful to your audience. This is so important that the New York Times did a study  and found that 90% of users will assess the usefulness of the content before sharing it. So how do you ensure the content you’re creating is useful to your audience? First, think about the question or problem that your content is addressing. What are you trying to help your audience solve? Then your content needs to provide step by step information on how to solve the problem or answer the question. These steps can include your product or exclude it, depending on what you’re looking to do. Your final step will include some sort of CTA. This could be as simple as a click-to-tweet button or an encouragement to share this post with someone else who would gain more by seeing the information you provide. So what does that content look like in real life? Content that is useful to our audience is something that we strive to create at every day. We want our content to be actionable and help our readers, help themselves: Our blog posts tell our reader exactly what they’re going to learn when they take the time to read our content, letting them decide if it’s useful to them or not. Our social posts will also carry out the same tone that our audience is going to be getting useful information out of our blog posts that they could then share with their colleagues: With a solid strategy in place, you can (as we say at ), plan your work, and then work your plan with this guide: http://cos.sc/2tJzguK Posted by onWednesday, July 5, 2017 7. Keep Your Content Simple Another tip for creating shareable content is to keep it simple. Your audience should be able to get the entire idea out of an article without having to read the whole thing. More often than not your audience is in a hurry and you need to be able to capture their attention in a short amount of time. In fact, Hubspot published  a whole infographic on how our attention span today is shorter than a goldfish- it’s 8.5 seconds long. TL;DR (Too Long, Didn’t Read) is a real thing. So, how do you create simple content that gets the entirely of your point across fast? First, you need a solid introduction. At we aim to have our blog introductions to be about a 100 words or so and follow the format of: Introduction to problem audience is experiencing. Show that there is a better process that they could use to the fix problem. Create a bulleted list of three points that summarize what they are going to gain or learn from reading the blog post. It’s those three main bullet points are key to use creating a successful introduction because our audience can skim down and know if they article contains the right information that they are looking for. You can also simplify your content by breaking up it up into short skim-worthy lists by: Sticking to two to three sentences per paragraph. Using multiple headers. Breaking up text or translating it to images or infographics. 8. Establish Trust And Credibility With Your Content Your content will pick up more shares when you can establish trust and credibility. Random websites that claim the world is going to end tomorrow probably aren’t going to pick up a lot of traffic because there is no trust there. However, content that is thoroughly back by other credible sources suddenly seems more trustworthy. So how can you create a credible piece of content?

Creativity and Play Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Creativity and Play - Essay Example In reality teachers should be creative in so many areas in teaching felid such as, classroom environment, technology, and activities. To begin, and Teachers should be attention to the classroom arrangement. For example if the teacher is the one how is giving the lesson and explaining to student their desk should face the board, but if they are in team- working activity they should set in circle so they will communicate easily with each other (SARACHO,1998, p6). There should be an interaction between teacher and students; teachers must arrange the class depend on the current situation. Arranging classes properly is in the beneficial of students. Secondly, Technology is also a useful tool which enhances the creativity in classroom. Using computer, active table, and smart board will defiantly increase student engagement during the learning process (Lubart, pp 24). Educators should learn how to teach by technology to be creative. New digital technologies are very useful in classroom and educators should take an advantage of this opportunity and use it to help students in their learning process. Thirdly, activities also play important roles in creativity factor. It helps students to be innovative in solving their problems. Educators should give their students many useful activities that are aimed at helping them to participate and generate ideas. Getting involved in any kind of activity will increase the student IQ (Intelligence quotient) and make them critical thinker (LILLEMYR, 2009, p15). Learning and development depend on internal cognitive structures that are complex in their subsequent evolution and origins. These cognitive structures are intimately connected to children’s cultural and social worlds (WAGEMAKER et al, 1984, p46). Processes such as practice, exploration, mastery, repetition and revision are vital in extending, constructing and connecting cognitive structures. Play activities enable children to impose some structure or organization on a ta ste, engage in ongoing rehearsal of the cognitive processes and make sense of their experiences (MACLUSKY & COX, 2011,

Human resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Human resources - Essay Example One tool for monitoring performance management is  performance appraisal. For organizations, performance management is usually known as company performance and is monitored through business appraisal. [Performance Management. (2009). In  BUSINESS: The Ultimate Resource. Retrieved from http://www.credoreference.com/entry/ultimatebusiness/performance_management] What value does Performance Management have for an organization? For the organization, Performance Management’s is beneficial as it facilitates the organization’s capacity to deliver strategic and operational goals which can be translated to a growth in sales, reduction of costs, and increased operational efficiency. It also provides the employee a clear understanding of how meeting target performance adds value to the organization’s strategic goals. What value for an individual? For an individual, Performance Management is beneficial as it creates an environment that motivates employees to be at its be st. Through Performance Management, employees are also able to know how much and how they are contributing to the growth of the organization. And as the employees contribute to the growth of the organization, Performance Management provides the incentive structure by which employees are rewarded for achieving if not exceeding their goal in the organization. 2. What is meant by the term Business Behavior? What are the unbreakable behavior laws? Why is behavior considered the key to quality? What is meant by the term Business Behavior? Business behavior â€Å"underlies what employees choose to do (quality and/or quality), how much effort they will put into accomplishing the task, and how long they will put into accomplishing it†. (Steven Stralser, Phd. MBA in a Day: what you would learn in top tier schools (if you only had the time!) John and Wiley and Sons Incorporated, Hoboken, New Jersey, Published simultaneously in Canada. E-book. P. 20 What are the unbreakable behavior law s? Unbreakable behavior laws are the inviolable laws of business conduct that was drafted to align processes and employee activities within the organization to ensure that behavior will be in consonance to the company’s strategic and long-term goals. They are the set of performance expectations from employees that is tied up with the over-all organizational goal. Why is behavior considered the key to quality? Business Behavior is key to quality because it determines how an employee will perform. If behavior is desirable and consistent to Performance Plan, such behavior will translate not only quality but also greater efficiency. While an underperforming behavior will undermine not only the particular employee’s performance but also the organization as a whole. 3. What is pinpointing? How does pinpointing apply to performance management? What is meant by â€Å"the right† pinpoint? What value does pointing have in managing performance? What is pinpointing? Pinpoin ting is being specific about target performance and communicating it clearly to the employees. It includes defining the drivers that measures performance that will add value to organizational goa

A Multi User Chat System In Java

A Multi User Chat System In Java The aim of this project is to develop an multi-user chat system to facilitate communicate between users with in the corporate or scientific organization. Chat application is to allow user for private chat, group chat (conference chat), share files while chatting, store and archive communicated messages. Chat application should allow do download desktop based application installed on local system to connect chat server and user should bale to communicate with in the organization in secure manner. InfoTech Consultancy Ltd well knows software product Development Company and it has rich experience on developing many software applications over the year. During the survey a questionnaire was created and sent to some random student for opinion. Most of them were happy with the project which they said would help them maintain their experiment and simulations. What has not been done yet is the Logical, conceptual and physical design. This would be done; this would be done in the next phase when the actual project implementation starts. Prototype of the chat application is included in this report only part of functionality is demonstrated to stake holders. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 4 1.1 Team and Resources 5 2Background 5 3Objectives: 6 4Methodology General Approach 6 5Technical Overview 7 5.1 Java multi-Threading APIs 7 5.2 Java Swings APIs 7 5.3 Java network APIs 7 5.4 Java Cryptography and Security APIs. 7 5.5 Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) 7 6Developing Multi-User Chat Application Using Java 8 7Technology 8 8.Cost Estimates 9 9. Prototype 9 1. Introduction The purpose of this Feasibility Study is to come up with business use case about a chosen project Design and implement a multi-user internet chat system in java whether it is viable to build a multi-user chat application using the latest Java technology and allow user to download and install desktop based chat application and chat secure manner. The project lifecycle of this proposed solution contained in this document includes project aim and Objectives, Designed Gantt chart, Costing, functional requirement and design requirement, Reports, Mile Stone Phases to determine the viability of the Multi-user chat system, Conclusion and Recommendation.. This would be designed and implemented for user community for website who can chat with other users as private chat, public chat, sharing files. The system would be user-friendly, such as simple graphical user interface for chatting, file sharing, archiving messages etc. The Feasibility Study is the culmination of a proposal presented to the stakeholders and the program manager Mr Shan on the 13th May 2010. The information contained in the proposal will serve as a comprehensive guide in the development of this feasibility study and is the primary point of reference throughout this study The progress to Date 28th May 2010 The project began three weeks after the project Title was chosen and Proposal was handed in on the 10th March 2010. It outlined the feasibility study, intended deliverables, hardware and software requirements and reason for chosen the project. Project preparation form was prepared and signed by both parties including project stakeholders. Feasibility study plan was initiated Background reading was started as the Title was new to me and a lot to take on board Started practicing on Java to update myself which would be on going. Have set aside 1 hour everyday to study that. 1.1 Team and Resources The feasibility study would included mainly development and design team Project Architect, ching chu , providing expertise in the design of the new multi-user chat system, using advanced Java. Dr Clarke my Supervisor would support and guide me through the project. Background In web2.0 era communication between registered users are common activity. Users who register for community expect more and more attractive functionality to register with website. In this multi-user application user can chat with other logged-in user privately, publicly (group chat) and can share files and can archive chat messages and retrieve whenever he need to check chat history. There are many well known multi-user chat application are available in the internet. Gtalk (Google), Yahoo messenger (yahoo) and MSN or live (Microsoft) are widely used chat applications. These chat applications are provide users other than chat facility many other attractive options. InfoTech is planned to develop multi-user chat application similar to other well known chat application, only difference in this mult-user chat application is If this deployed on any corporate only within the same corporate employees can chat with other employees. If the application is deployed on any education institute only same education institute professors and students can communicate with other students or professors. One of the major challenges with this multi-user chat system is secure communication between the users. The corporate or scientific organization may have information which need be protected with intruders or hacker. The chat system should implemented such a way that the information need be secured. Objectives: The aim of this project is to develop desktop chat application incorporated with java multi threaded client-server program which would allow users to communicated private and public way and share resources while chatting and archive communicated messages. This report is to use java, swing, multi threading and TCP-IP technology to design and create desktop based multi-user chat application design for chat and communicated over internet. The methodology for this report is to understand how to carry out research into multi-user chat application, resource sharing while communicating through the Internet. Also finding out how users would feel. Interviews and research would be ongoing before starting the actual designing to identify the key elements of the project. Methodology General Approach When messages are communicated over the network there is a possibility that intruder introduce unwanted information with the transferred information. It is important that the data need to be communicated secure encrypted manner. So that other end of the receiving application can decrypt the information and use the information. The volume of the messages and shared files while chatting will dominate problems and limit our ability to extract for results. As massages and these shared files are sometime very critical it need to it send and receive with reliable networking technology and privacy and authorization of user access control etc are very important. Encryption technologies are adopted for communication such that public key infrastructure algorithm to protect the data and chat messages. Communicated data need to be stored in a persistence layer such as relational database can be used to store this critical information for future reference. A java persistence APIs such as JDBC, hibernate or JDO is used for archiving these information in secondary storage and only authorized user can retrieve the archived message. Technical Overview 5.1 Java multi-Threading APIs Concurrency is the ability to run multiple parts of a program or multiple programs in parallel. Concurrency can greatly improve the performance of a application if certain tasks can be executed asynchronously or in parallel. Threads are also called lightweight processes which have their own call stack but an access shared resource. Every thread has its own memory cache and if a thread reads shared data it stores this data in its own stack of memory cache and used in the process of execution. 5.2 Java Swings APIs Swing was developed to provide a more light weight set of graphical user interface components than the earlier Abstract Window Toolkit. Swing build as lightweight component which provides a native look and feel that emulates platform dependent look on particular platforms, and also supports a pluggable look and feel that allows applications to have a look and feel unrelated to the underlying platform. 5.3 Java network APIs One can write java applications that communicate over the network mean you are programming at the application layer. Typically, someone writing programs no need to concern about the TCP and UDP layers. Instead of this you can make use of the classes in the java.net package and these classes provide platform independent network communication. Through the classes in java.net, Java programs can use UDP or TCP to communicate over the network. The classes URL, URLConnection, ServerSocket and Socket all use for TCP to communicate over the network and the classes DatagramPacket, DatagramSocket, and MulticastSocket are for use with UDP. 5.4 Java Cryptography and Security APIs. The Java platform strongly emphasizes programming concept like security, including byte code language security, cryptography, public key infrastructure (PKI), and authentication, secure communication, and access control. The Java Cryptography Architecture is a major piece of the platform and it contains a provider architecture and a set of application programming interface for digital signatures, encryption message digests, certificates and certificate validation, secure key management and generation and secure random number generation, to name a few. These APIs allow developers to easily integrate security into their application code. 5.5 Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) The Java Database Connectivity is the trade name for Java API, which supports Java, programs that access relational database. It also gives programmers uniform Interface for access and manipulate a wide range of relational database. By using JDBC API gives application written in the Java Programming Language allows it to execute SQL statements, retrieve results, present data in user-friendly interface and propagate changes back to the database Developing Multi-User Chat Application Using Java Java is an object oriented programming language expressly designed for use in the enterprise environment of the Internet. Java can be used to create end to end applications that may run on a single computer or be distributed among servers and clients in a network. Any application you develop there should be proper architecture for future enhancement, performance, reliability, availability should be considered. The Chat application is developed using client server architecture with layered approach. Client application is developed using java swing APIs and java network APIs. Server is developed using java multithreaded APIs, java network APIs and encryption APIs. Client connects to the server and server need to send messages to connected other client. The messages need to be encrypted using any of the public key infrastructure algorithms. The communicated messages need to be archived and retrieved using jdbc APIs. Using SQL statements the information is stored or retrieved from the database. Technology Java Swings Java Security APIs Java Encryption APIs Java networking APIs Java database connectivity APIs TCP/IP programming Multithreading HTML/ CSS for website reports Servlet/JSP programming for chat Administration Application. 7.1 REQUIREMENTS 7.1.1 Hardware The minimum hardware requirements are: Laptop/Desktop Keyboard Mouse VDU Router/Modem 7.1.2 SOFTWARE The software requirements are as follows: System Software Windows 2000/Windows XP Database Oracle, SQL, JDK 1.6, Java IDE like eclipse Cost Estimates The overall costs in terms of design/development, software and the new web/database design will be: Overall Costs  £5,600.00 Cost break down Hardware/Software  £1600.00 Labour Cost =  £50ph 10 days @  £1000 Architect and design cost =1,000  £1,000.00 30 days @  £20.00 per hour (5hrs a day for 30 days) 5*20*30= 3,000.00  £3,000.00 Total cost  £5,600.00 9. Prototype 9.1 FEATURES There is some consideration that needs to take into account for chat and archiving purposes Key Feature Description 1 Access control How does the solution limit access to restricted data? 2 Availability Would the solution always available? Can data be access when required or does it have to be requested? 3 Capacity/Scalability Can the solution hold the amount of data planned for without hampering performance/integrity? 4 Cost Is it cost effective, both initial design and ongoing ? 5 Functionality Would the functionality be suitable for connection to whoever may want to use it. For example someone from America considering the time difference. 6 Performance Can the solution carry our multi user chat in real time? Can application be enhanced for user performance? 7 Usability Is it going to be user friendly without spending too much time and money training and getting use to the system. How it going to be use Key Headline Actor Description 1 Private chat user User should able to chat with other connected user 2 Group chat(public chat) user This is kind of conference chat. A group of people can chat together. 3 Share files or resource(while chatting) User User should able to share files, desktop or other media while chatting. 4 Archive messages Retrieve messages user User should able to store the messages for future reference. 5 Manage Chat Server Administrator The administrator check and access the bandwidth of message flows and take the decision of performance bench marking etc. 6 Modification of user privileges Administrator Able to create / delete users modify the privileges for the user. 7 Changes access condition Administrator Administrator should able to give access to shared resources like file sharing , desktop sharing etc. Prototype of chat window Prototype for Admin Screen. Figure 3 Figure 4 Conclusion The most important key here are: it would be simple, focus on ease of use and simple client server application can be deployed on internal to the corporate or research organization. It is cost effective to use MySQL, has many advantages and features that makes it popular and open source thereby makes it as the worlds most used open source relational database application and many science students, Scientist and Engineering Researchers would benefit from it. RECOMMENDATIONS The project should continue based on the lines described in the document which is the supplements the Project plan. The research plan outlined in the document should be worked through as the primary instrument for deliver project results and outcomes. Other things needs to note are: availability of hardware and software Easy to set up the client server chat application and admin web application Internet Minimum Bandwidth 64Mb Admin need be deployed on militarized hosting zone. Table for work breakdown structure Task Name resource Start End Scheduled Outputs Deliverables Depends on steps 1 In-depth preparatory consultations with Supervisor PM 10/3 15/3 5 N/A 2 Initial draft Interim Report on chat system plan PM 18/3 23/3 5 1 3 Develop, submit Proposal PM 25/3 29/3 5 Interim Report 1-3 4 Create and develop outline Final Report based on Interim Report and detailed research plan for in-depth technical and costs stages of work PM 4/4 10/45 1-5 5 Main technical investigations Tools Software and Cost specified PM 11/43 14/45 5 6 Draft Final Report created, agreed, and sent Presentation PM 20/4/5 25/5/5 Draft Final Report 1-8 7 Submit Final Report CDLR 28/3/5 31/3/5 Final Report Final Report 1-10

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