Law of Diminishing Marginal Return Essay

The Law of Diminishing Marginal Return suggests the inverse relationship of marginal utility that a person derives from the quantity of his/her consumption of that given good or commodity. In other words, the higher the number of quantities one consume for a particular good/commodity, his/her marginal utility from consuming that given good decreases, and vice versa. For instance, a person derives 10, 14, 16 units of utility from consuming 1 unit, 2 units, and 3 units respectively of Pepsi Cola. Given this, though the utility of the person is in increasing trend [10 to 16 utils], but the marginal utility exhibits a decreasing trend [4 to 2 additional utils] as the number of Pepsi Cola is consumed by the given individual. The Water-Diamond Paradox is considered a contradiction since, relatively, water is more essential to life compared to diamonds, yet, diamonds have higher price compared to water or the price of water is way cheaper compared to diamonds. In most cases, those things that have higher values are the ones with higher prices. But for the Water-Diamond Paradox, water, which has higher value, has lower price compared to diamonds, thereby not conforming to the above stated idea. The difference between ATC and AVC, given that the number of outputs increases, is equal to zero since increase in the level of output do not directly affects TFC, which is the difference of ATC and AVC. Oftentimes, it is the AVC that is immediately affected for a given increase on the number of output or level of production of a given firm. Economies of scale provide an illustration of the relationship of increase in the production efficiency and the production volume of a given firm. For instance, Pepsi Corporation purchased more equipment for its production line. The said purchase of new machineries improves the overall efficiency of Pepsi’s production line, which results to higher number of Pepsi Cola produced at a given period of time. On the other hand, Diseconomies of Scale provide an illustration of the relationship between the increase on the number of output produced and cost of production. Meaning, as the number of output produced increases; the cost of production also increases. For instance, Toyota is already efficient with 100 workers. Aiming to further extend their profits, Toyota management hired new 20 workers, making their workforce equal to 120. Those additional workers will only increase the production cost of Toyota, while the volume of cars produced will still be almost the same or equal to the time when workforce of Toyota was still 100. Fixed costs would be the computers, land, building that I will use for my internet business; while variable costs would be the electricity and labor cost. In order for my business to take advantage of economies of scale, I must increase the number of computers in the internet business in order for me to accommodate more customers. The event of increasing the number of computers will stop by the time the marginal profit starts to decline since my marginal cost become larger than my marginal revenue. Generally, businesses shut their operations down if the difference between total revenue of producing equilibrium quantity of good/service is less than the total variable cost of producing equilibrium quantity of good/service. Or, the business must shut down if price of producing equilibrium number of products is less than the average variable cost. On the other hand, the business will continue to operate if the price level is greater to the average variable cost. Answer #7a Sustainable development would be the economic principle which I think would determine how long firms producing ethanol from alcohol will survive can. Given the limited resources that we have today and the ever increasing consumption of every consumers, it is a must for ethanol producers the how status of sustainability of corn in the economy in order for them to have an idea the amount of corn that will be available in the next coming years [long run]. Cellulosic ethanol is a biofuel which can be produced through utilizing corn, starch, woodchips to name a few. Given the rise of cellulosic ethanol in the market, the demand for corn in the market also increased, and so with its price (Cox 1). Therefore, in the long run, the rise of cellulosic ethanol will more likely to increase the cost of production of corn-based industry due to the price increase in corn caused by its high demand in the market. Works Cited Cox, Jeff. â€Å"Big Ethanol Shakeout Coming? † 21 August 2007. CNNmoney. com. 19 July 2008 .

Chemistry in the Movies Assignment Essay

This project will explore the public perception of chemistry. Each participating student will analyze a movie. Movies may be selected from the list on the following page or the student may find analyze any other academically acceptable movie with a chemist or chemical theme. All reviews will use academically acceptable language, spelling, and grammar and be 400 words minimum. For each movie, the student will post the following in the Chemistry in the Movies folder on Blackboard. * Summary: Write a summary (20 words minimum) of the movie’s chemical theme. * Most Important Scene: Write a description of the most important chemical scene, or scene about chemistry, from the movie (40 words minimum). * The Chemistry Involved: Write a short evaluation of the chemistry, economics, or environmental impact involved in the scene. * Is the Science Possible?: How realistic is the movie? Is the science possible? Research this and provide references. This is the most important part of the project. * Portrayal of Chemistry and Chemists: Write a short evaluation of how this movie portrays chemistry and chemists. * Three Facts that Prove I saw the Movie: Identify 3 key facts from the movie to prove that you actually watched the movie. * Viewer Rating: Provide a viewer rating for other classmates to aid in their movie selection. Use the following scale: 1- Avoid at all cost, 2- Watch when you can’t sleep, 3– Worth renting, and 4- Must see. Example: â€Å"The Invisible Man,† 1933, Claude Rains, Gloria Stuart. Chemist Jack Griffin takes monocaine, becomes invisible, goes mad, fails to develop reversion formula, wreaks havoc and is killed by the chief detective. Summary: Dr. Jack Griffin was an assistant food preservation chemist. Dr Jack Griffin, an assistant food preservation chemist, is a brilliant scientist who used monocaine as the primary component of a concoction of chemicals to render himself invisible. Most Important Scene: To me the most important chemistry set-up was when the laboratory manager was using a centrifuge with the test tubes circling in the air. The centrifuges that I have seen contain the test tubes in case they shatter. The most important only chemistry scene involved the discussion of the properties of monocaine by the laboratory manager. The Chemistry Involved: Monocaine, the most important chemical in the formula, removes the color of anything it touches. In a human, it removes coloring from compounds that make up the body, leaving it so transparent that it appears to be invisible. Is the Science Possible?: Owen (2005) reports that plasmodic covers may keep light from scattering and reduce the visibility of an object. Fox (2006) reported advances in invisibility theory. New metamaterials may be able to hide objects from visible light by bending light around the object and meeting at the opposite end. This makes the object appear to be invisible. Fox suggested that â€Å"science-fiction portrayals of invisibility, such as the cloaking devices used to hide space ships in Star Trek, might be truly possible.† Owen (2006) asserted that a chemical route to human invisibility (as used in The Invisible Man) is unlikely because the biomolecules necessary for human life require the absorption and scattering of light. He observed that hiding objects by curving space itself is also unlikely. According to Owens, the most likely method that would work for rendering an object invisible would be bending light around the object. In conclusion, the science of ingesting a chemical to become invisible is not likely, however, cloaking an object by bending light around the object may be possible in the future. Portrayal of Chemistry and Chemists: The chemist originally has both a strong interest in chemistry and an interest in becoming an important scientist. His own desires and the chemical that he consumes drive him mad and eventually lead him to his own destruction. Science is seen as strong, powerful, and dangerous. Three Facts that Prove I saw the Movie: 1. The centrifuge used in the movie spun the test tubes around in the air like a helicopter. 2. The owner of the hotel was named Mac. 3. The â€Å"stone† wall flopped when Dr. Griffin leaned on it. Viewer Rating: I rate this move as a 1 out of 4. It was very long and very slow. I recommend students try a different movie unless they like old black and white movies. References: Fox, M. 2006. Invisibility device possible, in theory. News in Science. Friday, 26 May 2006 Retrieved on July 2007 from http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/s1648328.htm Owen, J. 2005. Invisibility Shields Planned by Engineers. National Geographic. 28 Feb 2005 Retrieved on July 2007 from http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/02/0228_050228_invisibility.html Smith, D.R. 2006. Blueprint for Invisibility. Novel Electromagnetic Materials. 28 May 2006 Retrieved on July 2007 from http://www.ee.duke.edu/~drsmith/cloaking.html Laemmle .C. Jr.(Producer), & Whale, J. (Director). (1933). â€Å"The Invisible Man†. United States of America: New Universal. Movie List Choose from the Movie List or Suggest a Title to your Instructor. Note – Make sure to use APA within text citations and References. You will need more information than is given in the movie list to cite the movie properly. All information should be available on the movie package or online. The APA format for a film is: Producer, P. P. (Producer), & Director, D.D. (Director). (Date of publication). Title of motion picture [Motion picture]. Country of origin: Studio or distributor. Suggested Movies â€Å"Fantastic Four†, 2005, Ioan Gruffudd, Jessica Alba, Chris Evans, and Michael Chiklis. Genius Reed Richards (Ioan Gruffudd) is involve in research into human DNA. When a powerful force interacts with human DNA, humans are genetically transformed superheroes with superhuman powers. â€Å"Equlibrium,† 2002. Christian Bale, David Barrash. Prozium is a mind-altering drug that suppresses human emotions. â€Å"Spiderman†, 2002, Stanley Anderson, Gerry Becker, Jack Betts, Tobey Maguire, and Bruce Campbell. Peter Parker (Tobey Maguire) is bitten by a genetically-altered spider and his DNA mutates so that he gains superhuman strength and the ability to cling to any surface. â€Å"The Sum of All Fears,† 2002, Ben Affleck. The origin of the nuclear bomb was determined by tracing the atomic signature of bomb fragments found near the blast site. â€Å"Formula 51,† 2001, Samuel L. Jackson, Robert Carlyle. L.A. street chemist Elmo McElroy is in Liverpool to sell his latest creation, 51 a new drug made of completely legal ingredients is invented that is 51 times more powerful than any other drug. â€Å"Erin Brockovich,† 2000, Julia Roberts. Erin lands a job at the Pacific Gas & Electric Company and she discovers that it is trying to buy land contaminated by hexavalent chromium, a deadly toxic waste. â€Å"True Lies,† 1999, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Jamie Lee Curtis. Harry Tasker is a secret agent working undercover as a spy to capture a terrorist who is planning on destroying a U.S. state each week unless a ransom is paid. â€Å"The Serpent and the Rainbow,† 1988, Bill Pullman, Cathy Tyson. Scientist Dennis Alan investigates chemical basis for zombiism in Haiti in hopes it may become an anesthetic. Based on a true story. â€Å"Batman & Robin.† 1997, Arnold Schwarzenegger, George Clooney. Mr. Freeze is a molecular biologist (also known as a biochemist) who wants to cure his wife of a deadly genetic disease. â€Å"The Rock.† 1997, Sean Connery, Nicolas Cage. The chemical scene takes place in the discussion to prevent VX Gas from killing about 60,000-70,000 people in San Francisco. â€Å"The Saint.† 1997, Val Kilmer, Elisabeth Shue. Simon Templar is an international thief who plans to steal the formula for cold-fusion from Dr. Emma Russel, an electrochemist working at Oxford, and deliver it to a Russian billionaire. â€Å"Love Potion #9,† 1992. Sandra Bullock, Tate Donovan. Tate Donovan stars as a geek biochemist who cant talk to women, is persuaded by his friends to visit a gypsy, Madame Ruth. â€Å"Silkwood,† 1983. Meryl Streep, Kurt Russell, and Cher. Dramatization of the story of Karen Silkwood, the Oklahoma nuclear-plant worker who blew the whistle on dangerous practices at the Kerr-McGee plant and who died under circumstances which are still under debate. â€Å"Fantastic Voyage†, 1966, Stephen Boyd, Raquel Welch. A brilliant scientist falls into a coma with an inoperable blood clot in the brain, A surgical team journeys to the center of his mind in a submarine shrunk to microscopic dimensions. â€Å"The Nutty Professor,† 1963, Stella Stevens, Jerry Lewis wrote, directed and starred. Nerdy chemistry professor Julius Kelp creates elixir that transforms him into swinger Buddy Love. â€Å"The Absent-Minded Professor,† 1961, Fred MacMurray, Nancy Olson, Keenan Wynn. Chemistry professor Ned Brainard creates flying rubber called flubber. â€Å"Monkey Business,† 1952, Cary Grant, Ginger Rogers, Marilyn Monroe. Chemist Barnaby Fulton tests youth formula on himself. Monkey creates better formula and puts it in water cooler. â€Å"The Man in the White Suit,† 1951, Alec Guinness, Joan Greenwood. Chemist Sidney Stratton develops a fabric that never gets dirty or wears out. Garment industry owners and workers try to suppress. â€Å"Madame Curie,† 1943, Greer Garson, Walter Pidgeon. Biography of Madame Curie and husband Pierre, who co-discovered radioactive elements. â€Å"Dr. Ehrlich’s Magic Bullet,† 1940, Edward G Robinson, Ruth Gordon. Biography of Paul Ehrlich, who discovered a drug cure for syphilis despite opposition from colleagues. â€Å"Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde,† 1931, Fredric March, Miriam Hopkins. Jekyll discovers a chemical that can separate the good and evil sides of someone’s personality and tries some.

Capitalism and Regressive Imperialism

Western undertaking that employs expansionist, mercantilist policies. 1] Lewis Samuel Feuer identifies two major subtypes of imperialism; the first is regressive imperialism identified with pure conquest, unequivocal exploitation, extermination or reductions of undesired peoples, and settlement of desired peoples into those territories, an example being Nazi Germany. 2] The second type identified by Feurer is progressive imperialism that is founded upon a cosmopolitan view of humanity, that promotes the spread of civilization to allegedly backward societies to elevate living standards and culture in conquered territories, and allowance of a conquered people to assimilate into the imperial society, examples being the Roman Empire and British Empire. [2] Imperialism always involves the massive export of capital to foreign countries for the purpose of exploiting and dominating both their labor forces and their markets. Imperialism, the highest stage of capitalism, represents the stage at which a countrys consumers cannot buy all the products that have been produced, and additional markets must be sought after. The dominant feature of imperialism is the repatriation of invested capital. Cecil Rhodes: Cape-Cairo railway project. Founded the De Beers Mining Company and owned the British South Africa Company, which established Rhodesia for itself. He liked to paint the map British red, and declared: all of these stars hese vast worlds that remain out of reach. If I could, I would annex other planets. [3] The term as such primarily has been applied to Western political and economic dominance in the 19th and 20th centuries. Some writers, such as Edward Said, use the term more broadly to describe any system of domination and subordination organized with an imperial center and a periphery. According to the Marxist historian, Walter Rodney, imperialism meant capitalist expansion. It meant that European (and North American and Japanese) capitalists were forced by the internal logic of their competitive system to seek abroad in less developed countries opportunities to control raw material, to find markets, and to find profitable fields of investment. Its generally accepted that modern day colonialism is an expression of imperialism and cannot exist without the latter. The extent to which informal imperialism with no formal colonies is properly described as such remains a controversial topic among historians. [4]

Facing Poverty with a Rich Girls Habits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Facing Poverty with a Rich Girls Habits - Essay Example As the paper highlights the bankruptcy of her father did expose her to poverty, but traumatized her father because he was compelled to move to America lest him being jailed in his native South Korea. Later, upon settling in New York, Ki came to face the realities of life especially when she had to attend public school. The reporter would like to point out that Ki provides a true picture of what was happening in the American society at the time. Indeed, as she says, America has been a stratified society. It is highly segregated into the rich, poor, privileged, natives and immigrant groups. Since each of these occupies a different position in the society, they have diverse rights and privileges to enjoy. For example, when it comes to education, children from poor families only attend public schools as compared to their privileged counterparts who go to high cost private ones. This is the misfortune that befell Ki when her life became prone to hardships after her father losing all his r iches.

Ethics and the Indian Laborer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethics and the Indian Laborer - Essay Example Therefore, Indian government and manufacturing supervision are putting profits ahead of the Indian health condition with no additional compensation for these poor working conditions for the laborer. Even though international agencies such as the United Nations continue to exert pressure on improving labor reform, such groups have little to no legal influence in these countries and no changes are implemented for the Indian employee. Â  Another difficulty in providing ethical behavior for the workers is the tiered system of production common for clothing manufacture in India. Many American companies source their apparel brands with a large textile company where orders are placed and final shipment of the merchandise is delivered. However, these companies have tiers of manufacture that include small factories and individual workers that do hand-beading, sequin work, embroidery and other associated decoration on more expensive clothing (Level Works Limited, 2009). Those smaller companie s’ low-skilled laborers that are not protected under the jurisdiction of certain labor laws are usually managed by independent business owners. The companies from the U.S. that source in this way are aware of these tiers of supply, but do little to invest capital into building a more efficient supply network in the larger company. In this case, the American manager is turning away from the plight of the exploited second and third tier employees in the process while India allows private companies to keep quality laborers in the poverty zone.

How Will Mitt Romney Fare In His Bid For The Republican Party Essay

How Will Mitt Romney Fare In His Bid For The Republican Party Nomination - Essay Example The demand for knowledge about how a political process will turn out has increased the concern for what factors go into making intelligent predictions and how they are quantified. In presidential politics, of course, these factors are so innately complex and difficult to quantify that predictions are nearly always prone to failure. However, by looking at history and looking at the present together, one can piece together an accurate picture of chances or odds in formulating a semblance of a prediction. According to BetAsia, former Governor Mitt Romney’s odds at becoming the Republican nominee stand at 8/11 as of October 12 (Howard). This margin indicates a relatively good chance that Romney will secure the Republican nomination, and it is based on a bookmaker’s financial evaluation of Romney’s chances. Currently, there is good reason to agree with the bookmaker in putting the former Governor’s chances at such a high margin. Indeed, Romney has many objectiv e factors riding in his direction, including being the supposed frontrunner in a field of candidates that have the Republican base restless (Esch). Having frontrunner status bodes well for a candidate in advance of the Iowa Caucus and Super Tuesday elections: events that have historically either made or broken candidates’ dreams of the White House. Barring any crucial setbacks to those dreams, former Governor Mitt Romney is poised, based on a multitude of those predictive elements, to seize the Republican nomination for President. Section I: A Brief History of Mitt Romney In order to understand Mitt Romney as a candidate for President, one must understand his motives and policy beliefs, as they are relevant to his political campaign. Romney was born in Detroit, Michigan to George and Lenore Romney in 1947.At the age of five, his family moved from Detroit to Bloomfield Hills, after which his father took over and rescued American Motors from bankruptcy as CEO. George Romney pre sided over the Detroit Stake of the Mormon Church, which Romney would identify with as his religious affiliation (Cohn). While in high school, Romney’s father was elected Governor of Michigan, for whom he worked as an intern in the Governor’s office. Taking on odds jobs, such as a security guard and an ice hockey team manager, Romney wished to assume his father’s role. Still in high school, Romney began dating his future wife Ann Davies, whom he decided to marry near the date of his graduation. After graduation, Romney attended Stanford University for one year, taking part in the campus’s conservative movement before going overseas as a Mormon missionary. After finishing his education at Brigham Young University with his wife, now Ann Romney, he pursued a joint J.D. /M.B.A. program at Harvard University. Romney remained in Massachusetts after graduating, working as a management consultant first independently and then for Bain & Company starting in 1977. R omney began a private equity investment firm with Bill Bain in 1984, called Bain Capital. In 1990, Romney returned to Bain & Company as CEO to restructure the firm facing collapse. In 1999, he took a position as CEO of the Salt Lake City Olympic Games Organizing Committee, leaving Bain Capital once again a tremendously successful company (DealBook). Romney’

Commerce Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Commerce Education - Essay Example I think that Commerce assist form the foundations youthful people need to make sound decisions on monetary, commerce, legal and service issues because it supply practical knowledge, skills, sympathetic and values. Having information regarding these concepts and how to apply them is helpful for young adults to study early. "With changing times, the need to give young people a grip on money management has increased... More than a third of school students' work, and two-thirds of 15 to 19-year-olds earn up to $200 a week. Not all know how to handle that income" (Russell, 2004; Age). Furthermore, Commerce offers students with "and understanding of the relations between consumers, trade and governments in the in general economy" (Board of Studies, NSW, 2003). These are subjects that they may not unavoidably think regarding, even though they previously earning and spending currency. If we analyzed then we come to know that Consumer Affairs Victoria (CAV) conducted investigation last year to find out how customer education is taught in Australia and abroad in order to assist design a program to get better financial literacy amongst teenagers. "Young Australians stand for a $4 billion a year profitable market. Through more spending power then preceding generations, youthful children and adolescents are increasingly the target group for different forms of marketing practices and commercial pressures" (CAV, 2004). It is significant that adolescent adults are conscious of their rights and farm duties as consumers because they are previously purchasing products such as mobile phones and cars that frequently comprise multifaceted contracts. A key finding from the research was that lots of students do not take delivery of consumer education at school. I feel that Commerce education is generally delivering the right kind of educational experiences for the current generation. I do although agree that young adults would most definitely benefit if the curriculum added a more in-depth unit on financial literacy and consumer education. We are living in a constantly changing world and society must provide our children with education that will prepare them for a life of revelation. No doubt, this literature suggests that in the prospect "the curriculum will be justified in terms of its capacity to help children acquire skills for work and life" (Collins, 2002, pg 45). So the financial system and society of the future have to be taken into account when developing commerce prospectus. The main concepts urbanized in the Economy and society thread include: Civics and communal organization, Citizenship, Economic organization and decision-making, Employment,

Morality and Humanity In Kants View Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Morality and Humanity In Kants View - Essay Example Second, recast that maxim as a universal law of nature governing all rational agents, and so as holding that all must, by natural law, act as you yourself propose to act in these circumstances. Third, consider whether your maxim is even conceivable in a world governed by this law of nature. If it is, then, fourth, ask yourself whether you would, or could, rationally will to act on your maxim in such a world. If you could, then your action is morally permissible. Throughout his moral works, Kant returns time and again to the question of the method moral philosophy should employ when pursuing these aims. A basic theme of these discussions is that the fundamental philosophical issues must be addressed a priori, that is, without drawing on observations of human beings and their behavior. Once we â€Å"seek out and establish† the fundamental principle of morality a priori, then we may consult facts drawn from experience in order to determine how best to apply this principle to huma n beings and generate particular conclusions about how we ought to act. Kant's insistence on an a priorimethod to seek out and establish fundamental moral principles, however, does not always appear to be matched by his own practice. The Groundwork, for instance, makes repeated appeals to empirical facts (that our wills are determined by practical principles, that various motivations are variable in producing right actions, and so on). Later ethical works rely even more heavily on empirical generalizations. Kant did not take himself to be employing these assumptions in seeking out and establishing the fundamental moral principle, only in applying it to human beings. Nevertheless, it is not always easy to tell whether Kant's arguments gain their plausibility only by relying on ideas established by observations of human being and the world they inhabit. Kant's example of a perfect duty to others concerns a promise you might consider making but have no intention of keeping in order to get needed money. Naturally, being rational requires not contradicting oneself, but there is no self-contradiction in the maxim "I will make lying promises when it achieves something I want". An immoral action clearly does not involve a self-contradiction in this sense (as would the maxim of finding a married bachelor). Kant's position is that it is irrational to perform an action if that action's maxim contradicts itself once made into a universal law of nature. The maxim of lying whenever it gets what you want generates a contradiction once you try to combine it with the universalized version that all rational agents must, by a law of nature, lie when it gets what they want. Here is one way of seeing how this might work: If I conceive of a world in which everyone by nature must try to deceive people any time it will get what they want, I am conceiving of a world in which no practice of giving one's word could ever arise. So I am conceiving of a world in which no practice of giving one's word exists. My maxim, however, is to make a deceptive promise in order to get needed money. And it is a necessary means of doing this that a practice of taking the word of others exists, so that someone might take my word and I take advantage of their doing so. Thus, in trying to conceive of my maxim in a world in which no one ever takes anyone's word in such circumstances, I am trying to conceiv

Drug Designing with the Aid of Computers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Drug Designing with the Aid of Computers - Essay Example Drug Designing is an exceptional Example of a field that has been benefited immensely by the use of computers. Molecular imaging has made great revolutions in the designing of drugs. DRUG DESIGNING: Drug Designing can be termed as a method whereby drugs can be invented by targeting a specific biological molecule and then designing new medications based on the relevant information. If narrated simply, the designing of a drug may involve the following generic processes: The cause of the disease to be identified The target to be attacked is identified The ‘Lead Compound’ is identified. Tests are carried out for the ‘Lead Compound’ Trial conducted in clinics Drug approved Present day drug design extensively relies on computer based molecular modeling techniques. Computer Drug Design has been known to have possessed exemplary technologies that conduct the drug development process speedily. Computer Based Drug Designing Methodologies are preferred over Traditional Drug Designing capabilities because: TRADITIONAL DRUG DESIGNING is: †¢ â€Å"Random trial and erroneous †¢ Time consuming, †¢ Comparatively much more expensive †¢ Very low in output (1 in 100,000)† (Huang, n.d.) In Comparison to the above mentioned properties of traditional drug design Computer Aided Drug Design Methodologies are thought to be: †¢ Structural in Nature †¢ Specifically Targeted †¢ Automatic †¢ Much Faster than the Traditional Methods †¢ Much lower in cost †¢ Having a comparatively much higher success rate than the traditional method. Molecular modeling is a popular method of drug design. It is a science by means of which molecular structures are represented numerically. Their behavior is then simulated by making use of the equations from quantum and classical physics. It is with the use of this molecular modeling via computers that computer aided drug designing finally gets executed. The first step in the approach towards drug design by this methodology is the identification of a molecule that may be critical to the pathogen of any specific disease. The molecular structure of the target molecule that has been identified is now resolute. Sufficient molecular information is essential in order to proceed further on with the designing of the drug. The structure of the target molecule, as discussed above, is used to construct a ligand. The recognition of the target protein is the next step followed by the ways by which it would be bound. The point of concern here is that the structure of proteins is very versatile in nature. Proteins change the structure of their molecule when they are undergoing different functions. Types of Molecular Modeling â€Å"Based on the type of information at hand, either ligand based or molecular based design methods are selected.† (Daharwal, 2006). The proposed combinations are very rapidly generated by computers that instantly display an entire list of the proposed molecules. Molecular Modelling screens through large databases of chemical ligands and molecules of compounds. In doing so, it identifies the molecules that may become potential drugs. The above process is termed as Molecular Docking. SIMULATIONS FOR DRUG DESIGNING Since protein structures are rapidly changing and cannot be predicted computers are essentially used to simulate the dynamically changing structure of molecules. Hihg performance computing is often used to assist. For example, at the

The Effects of Time, Distance, And Shielding in the Chernobyl Nuclear Research Paper

The Effects of Time, Distance, And Shielding in the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident - Research Paper Example The fight to contain the effects and ward off a bigger catastrophe eventually involved more than 500,000 employees and a cost estimated to be in the region of 18 billion rubles. At the time of the disaster itself, 31 people died, and it had short and long term effects (Mara, 2011). One of the short term effect was the immediate hospitalization of 203 people and 31 of them died, 28 of those who died was because of being exposed to acute radiation. Most of them were the fire and rescue workers who were trying to contain the disaster to have it under control. They did not know the danger of being exposed to the radiation (coming from the smoke). Another short term effect was on the workers who were involved in the cleanup and recovery after the disaster (Mara, 2011). They picked up doses of radiation in high quantities. Mostly, they were not armed with personal dosimeters to ascertain the amount of radiation they received leaving experts with the only option of estimating their doses. People were also evacuated around the area of Chernobyl by the Soviet authorities after the second day of the disaster. A month later, everybody who was living inside the range of 30 km radius of the plant had been moved to a new place. Zone of alienation is the name given to the area. However, the environment over a wider scale than the enclosed 30 km radius area was affected by significant radiation (Lüsted, 2011). Some children in the affected regions were unprotected from the great amount of the doses, mainly because on taking of radioactive contaminated milk that was produced locally. Research has shown that thyroid cancer suffered by children in Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine has increased greatly since the disaster. A big forest of swath of pine was killed by the radiation. Farm animals were also taken away at the time of human evacuation. Levels of radioactivity have been observed in different

The origin of species Essay Example for Free

The origin of species Essay John Keats is also poet from the 19th century just the same as Charles Darwin. Keats has the artistic, colorful approach to life. Keats writes expressively and in short punchy sentences that are full of meaning and conciseness. MY heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains My sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk, These are only a couple of phrases that can be used to describe Keatss approach to life. Both of these quotes are from his poem, Ode to a Nightingale, that was written in 1884 and published in 1888. It is obvious throughout this poem, that Keats is thinking carefully about the words that he is using and the way in which he can produce this text as being heart felt and sympathetic as possible. Keats writes as though he is in a dream time and is trying to find a way out. Throughout the poem, you start to get a feeling that he is going to commit suicide or do something terrible that will affect his life forever if he goes through with it. This is seen in the following two quotes. Tis not through envy of thy happy lot, But being too happy in thine happiness,- Keats also uses the form of writing that involves the adventurous type of writing. Keats does this in the way that he can capture his readers in a way that makes it exciting for us to read as a reader. This is done through many lines including all of the beginning, ending and the body of the poem. But on the viewless wings of Poesy, Though the dull brain perplexes and retards: Already with thee! tender is the night, And haply the Queen-Moon is on her throne, Throughout the poem, Keats, makes reference to the fact that he is planning to commit suicide. This comes up too many times to let fly by. The fact that Keats makes reference to this is a problem in itself. This problem is that he is a famous writer and very well known for his pieces. It would be a shame for him to now be known as a suicidal freak who couldnt handle the pressure of his family and his work. That I might drink, and leave the world unseen, And with thee fade away into the forest dim: Keats also writes similar to Charles Darwin in the way that they both leave the paragraphs with you thinking of what is going to happen next and makes you get the feeling of should I keep reading. Keats does this in nearly all of his paragraphs and they are all successful. Chapter 1 Of perilous seas, in faery lands forlorn. Chapter 2 To thy high requiem become a sod. Chapter 3 The murmurous haunt of flies on summer eves Chapter 4 Through verdurous glooms and winding mossy ways. Chapter 5 Or new Love pine at them beyond to-morrow. Chapter 6 And with thee fade away into the forest dim: Chapter 7 Singest of summer in full-throated ease. Chapter 8 Fled is that music:-Do I wake or sleep? John Keats and Charles Darwin both have different styles of writing. Charles Darwin writes in the logical, scientific, rational way and Keats writes with the colorful, artistic and romantic style of writing. Although they both write in their own styles, they can relate their writing to the same thing in the same way. Artistical and Scientifical writing are both styles of writing and they can both be used in the same piece at exactly the same time. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE John Keats section.

The Varied Value of Land Essay Example for Free

The Varied Value of Land Essay Land represents a quintessential issue between Native Americans and Europeans. This has been true since Columbus’ discovery and the era of Spanish exploration, invasion, and settlement. During the latter periods of Native American history we observe how English colonization and then the birth and growth of the United States affects the Indian Nations. During this period we mark how two divergent societies value land differently and the disparities resulting in conflict and Indian subjugation. The English Colonial Settlements initially viewed the land similarly as the aboriginal Indian inhabitants in a particular way. The land was the provider of sustenance to both. The early English Colonies sought refuge in the land, which was unlike the early Spanish whose North American invasions sought to pillage riches through lands traversed in the name of religious virtue. The original English Colonies had fled their own religious persecution and instead settle lands to build their society within its borders. The initial contention between Indians and the English Colonies grew from the fundamental differences in each civilization’s ideal of a settlement and territory. Whether an Indian Nations included permanent towns or not the Tribe’s Bands where predominately hunter-gatherers throughout its territory. Furthermore and unlike Europeans these Indian People shared cosmology that identified them as being one with the land. The European view of land was that of property and possession. As English Colonies and the later Americans further coveted Indian land to satisfy expansionism and economic enterprise we observe an unending encroachment on Indian resources. At first there was an aggressive unfettered Indian land grab and then ongoing assaults on natural resources residing on the ever-dwindling Indian lands. The stereotypes of American Indians as inferior beings with limited intellect, or bloodthirsty warriors, or lacking acceptable morals initially justified Colonial expansionism under pretense of ordained religiosity. Indian resistance to relentless encroachment was often confronted with rebellion and the question of sovereignty was debated. The establishment of the United States and the subsequent 1823 Supreme Court ruling of Johnson v.  McIntosh made clear the government accepted that early Europeans had rights to all Indian lands by having discovered the lands. Having previously defeated the British and securing American independence allowed the victor’s title be transferred to the United States. It is from this point that â€Å"Conquest by Law† guides the history of land possession between Native Americans and Americans. This conquest gained popular social acceptance by the mid 19th Century as American society adopted the political decree that it was Manifest Destiny to encompass the continent. The national conquest gained a legal endorsement to empower government separate Indian Nations from their land as assured in 1831 by the Supreme Court’s Cherokee Nation v. Georgia ruling that minimized Indian sovereignty to that of being a dominated people at best classified as dependents of their United States government guardian. In 1832 the Worcester v. Georgia ruling held that the aforementioned Cherokee treaties and the Trade and Intercourse Acts passed since 1790 did recognize Indian Nations as political entities with authority within its borders. It now excluded States from having any jurisdictional power over Indian Nations. Though this ruling established Indians as autonomous from States it put in motion what would later become Congressional plenary power and it marks the beginning of federally exercised relocation to feed American land hunger and later efforts to manage â€Å"the Indian problem†. The vastly different views regarding land combined with systematic efforts to dismantle Indian culture and pushed towards Indian eradication. Second to the impact of European introduced disease it would be habitat destruction and alteration to natural Indian environments that battled Indian Nations and drove them close to extinction. More so than overuse of natural resources it was the onset of the land being fenced and parceled which relegated Indian Nations to immobile and economically poor and spiritually bankrupt people faced with generational social disintegration. The series of governmental polices both purposefully and seemingly inadvertently legalized this conquest. Some of the most damaging and consequential actions include the movement to reservations through the late 1800s. The reservation policy reversal known as the Allotment Act of 1887 pushed to assimilate Indians using land as the vehicle by requiring such parcels provide for the Indians as it did homesteaders without any regard to the traditional Indian land relationship. From the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 through the Termination policy and Relocation programs of the mid 20th Century the importance of Indian land affinity was never validated and to do so would have required literal enforcement and complete adherence to treaties. The current era of Tribal Self-Determination beginning when the Indian Civil Rights Act enacted in 1968 does acknowledge Euro-American infringement on Indian lands. Government interventions and enforcement, whether or not serving in the best interest of sovereign Indian Nations, has not sought to return these Indian Nations to a state of a being a harmonious civilization that can be described as a confederacy of tribes, bands, and familial clans pursuing their life cycle throughout a vast ecosystem. The Euro-American value of property and possession has prevailed.

Summitry Analysis and Diplomacy

Summitry Analysis and Diplomacy This essay represents the perfect and imperfect world of summitry and it also discusses on how summitry can be integrated as a constructive mode of diplomacy. Summitry has indeed changed the landscape of political interactions between states and political leaders across the globe over the past years. In respect to this, Churchill questioned the crowd during one of the House of Commons meeting in 1953, if there is not at the summit of the nations the wish to win the greatest prize of peace, where can men look for hope? (Churchill cited in Eban, 1983, p. 360). The idea behind Churchills statement is that, it explains on how summitry can be an instrument in getting states actors to gather at one place to discuss on international political issues among them (Dunn, 1996, p. 4). Ideally, summits not only have been used as a tool to break down intense barriers between nation states leaders, but it has also helped state leaders to be more focused in addressing issues of their concerns in the best possible way. Although, in the real world of summitry, this is not always the case. As Plischke argues in Modern Diplomacy: It should not be regarded as an instant elixir for the assuagement of crisesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦to dissimulate relief from the realities of inter-governmental ailment (1979, p. 186). To begin with, this essay will discuss both on some of the possible strengths and flaws of the different types summits. It also argues on how summitry can be infused as a tool of a constructive means of diplomacy and it will also unearth some factors that could help determine the success of summits. The first part of this essay discusses on how summitry could be a tool in the engagement of public diplomacy and followed by with an insight on how timing is crucial in initiating a summit. Meanwhile, the second part of this essay details on how summitry could provide an opportunity for state leaders to administrate and show their capabilities in winning a summit. The perfect and imperfect world of Summitry Summits are designed in such a way where each and every one of them has various themes and different objectives to be fulfilled. One must be able to segregate the different types of summits and its goals in order to further the understanding on the roles of summits. For instance, bilateral, multilateral, regional and global summits. Now, this boils down to one question, how effective are these summitries in resolving the targeted issues? The answer to this is rather subjective. Since each summit has its different purpose, the measure of success would vary as well and therefore it is difficult to layout the positive and negative aspects of summitry in general (Melissen, 2003, p. 4). For instance, the Yalta summit in 1945 and the Paris Conference of Parties 21 (COP 21) in 2015 are seventy years apart and may have little significant in common. Hence, generalising summits into one big picture would be very difficult. Looking at the different types of summits, the Rio Earth Summit or also known as United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) was one of the largest intergovernmental global climate conference ever organised. It was represented by over one hundred and eighty countries and participated by over one hundred states and government leaders across the globes. It was indeed a media magnet event that catches the attention of the news and broadcasters from all over the world (Dunn, 1996, p. 220). This calls for an engagement in public diplomacy for state and government leaders. The purpose of the summit was to synthesise the global economic landscape or development towards a more forward looking context which takes into account on the preservation of the environment (The Editors of Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 1998). Dunn also mentioned in Diplomacy at the Highest Level: It was hoped that this serve as a blueprint for how the nations of the world could preserve the environment and achieve sustainable development in the twenty-first century (1996, p. 222). In relation to this, the Rio Earth Summit were seen to be a quite symbolic kind of summitry (Dunn, 1996, p. 249). This is due to the nature of the summit in which it possesses a propaganda value to it that could be either used for good purpose or just for the sake of winning the hearts of the domestic and general audiences through their participation. Not only it was the largest and the most costly climate change summit that was ever held, but it was also attended by hundreds of state leaders from all over the world. Hence, the opportunity to engage in public diplomacy was pretty massive (Palmer, 1992). To put it briefly, attending such an eventful summit was worth every moment of being noticed by the public considering the number of media coverage during that time was enormous. According to Dunn, attending the summit was very much an attestation to these state leaders in showing their relentless commitments towards the preservation of the environment regardless if they did not agree upon the discussed agendas during the meeting. They want to be perceived as a leader who cares about just everything and they wish to give an impression to the general public that they are trying to make some changes (1996, p. 249). This approach is often used as a form of public diplomacy and indeed, it can be considered as a constructive mode of diplomacy. For example, Bush used the opportunity to be seen as a good leader by attending the summit despite of the series of situations that was going on in the US during that time. His hands were tight with different kinds of issues including his upcoming re-election. Hence, to be seen under the limelight were one of the many ways for him to attain more credits from the domestic audiences (Dunn, 1996, p. 233). As stated by Hamilton and Langhorne in The Practice of Diplomacy, air travel and television cameras have made world statesmen of the humblest party hacks (1995, p. 221). Having said that, summit has not only been beneficial for s tate leaders but also for the politicians in hope to enhance their status in the public from meeting all these world leaders. In respect to this, symbolic summits are not just limited to this kind of agenda, but it could also exemplify the relations between nations through summits. To support this statement, as documented by Dunn in Diplomacy at the Highest Level: The handshake on the White House lawn between Yasser Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin in 1993 was equally important as an attempt to symbolize the new era of relations between Israel and the Palestinian people (1996, p. 248). On the other side of this coin, level of preparation process in terms of timing also matters in ensuring the success of a summit. Regardless of its positive strand in the engagement of public diplomacy, Rio Earth Summit was barely a mere success. For instance, Rio Earth Summit was not a perfect timing for countries like the US. Considering that US was perceived to be the paramount actor in this conference, but in the actual fact, the US delegations were really keeping their heads down throughout the meetings (Dunn, 1996, p. 233). How does timing has got anything to do with this? In the case of the US, the countrys economy was going through a recession and as mentioned earlier, President Bush was also due for his nearing re-election. One of his main concerns were also the risk of committing into any agreement on the sustainable developmental programmes that was discussed during the summit. The potential results from agreeing to any agreements from the summit were rather ambiguous as i t could jeopardise the USs employment level even further and also, his fear for losing the trust and his wealthy conservative supporters from both the political parties the US (Dunn, 1996, p. 233). Hence, this explains for the quiet actions from the US delegation at Rio Earth Summit. Therefore, the summit could have been more favourable if the US did not have to hold back due to their situations back home. In addition to this, US was not the only one who were torn in leading the conference, the EC (European Community) could have also done a greater job at it but of all the EC state members, only Germany was set on making an equitably significant amount of commitment towards the agreement. The rest of the other EC state members like Italy and France were on the same boat as the US due to their respective issues in their home countries (Dunn 1996, p. 233). As articulated by Weihmiller, Doder and Newsom in U.S.- Soviet Summits, that, timing of a summit has been seen as one of the criti cal factors in ensuring the success of a summit (1986, p. 98). In retrospect, the issue on timing were noticeably reflected during the Kennedy Khrushchev summit in 1961 at Vienna which severely affected the resolution to the root of the problem. It was too soon to be holding another summit as the Paris summit of the year before that were not settled yet and to top it all, the issues with Berlin previously has lead this summit to a total flop (Weihmiller et al., 1986, p. 99). In this context, when summit is initiated at a wrong time, it could lead to a waste of resources and also, affecting diplomatic relations between state leaders as the subject discussed during the conference remains unresolved. Therefore, it remains debateable to as whether or not if summitry can be an elixir or regarded as an effective mode of diplomacy. On a brighter side, summits could also provide room for state actors or non-state actors to show their capabilities in leading a summit especially on international level that could not be consummated on a lower level (Dunn, 1996, p. 251). This has been seen on some climate change conferences such as the recent Paris Agreement (COP 21), Kyoto Protocol (COP 3) or even Copenhagen Agreement (COP 15) in 2009. The European Union (EU) in particular. The EU has tremendously manifested the world with their pro-climate change leadership. What they are doing is an incontestably positive in attracting other state members to follow their footsteps. As Maljean-Dubois and Wemaera states in their journal, Carbon Climate Law Review, EU has always claimed a climate leadership role in the climate negotiations, leading by example with its ambitious climate policy (2016, p. 3). That said, summitry is not only impactful in terms of public diplomacy, but it is also a constructive method in improving diplo matic relations through positive movements by a bold leader such as the EU. Although to be fair, the United States were one of the first and the most powerful supporters of international climate change and environmental agreements. However, the limelight has shifted to the EU as the major leader in global environmental scene (Kelemen and Vogel, 2009). In light of this, summitry can also give a fair opportunity for leaders from small nations to represent themselves on the highest league table and hence, making them more noticeable in the global diplomatic arena. This was proven when the Small Island Developing states (SIDS) and the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) managed to turn the table at the COP 15 at Copenhagen in 2009 (de à gueda Corneloup and Mol, 2013). Climate change is a threat for small island nations especially those of which nations which are prone to extreme weather conditions. As stated by de à gueda Corneloup and Mol in International Environmental Agreemen ts, The raise of sea temperature threatens marine ecosystems, on which small island populations usually strongly depend (2013, p. 282). The SIDS were able to negotiate through the representative organisation, AOSIS and be heard by the rest of the other state members at COP 15. Being in a vulnerable position themselves, this has helped them to initiate action plans through several leadership skills and remained as significant as other state members at the summit. Their perseverance has lead them to some fairly successful negotiations especially on the 1.5 ÃÅ'Ã…  C target as it was finally embedded in the Copenhagen Accord (de à gueda Corneloup and Mol, 2013). However, summits on climate change are often being seen as highly sensitive area and often associated to the level of power that the state actors have. For instance, considering SIDS state members are seen to be on a weaker side as they have very little power on the international level, structural power of state actors is oft en regarded as a determining factor in any international negotiations (de à gueda Corneloup and Mol, 2013). As disclosed by Ambassador Dessima Williams of Grenada at the COP 15 summit: We went in, AOSIS fought for everything we could come out withà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦as you could see we didnt come out with much (Wasuka cited in de à gueda Corneloup and Mol, 2013, p. 291). To put it briefly, no matter how much effort has been pumped into these summits by these weaker states, level of structural power of state actors is still one of the major determinant in negotiation process on any international summits. Summit: yes or no? What can be concluded based on the arguments above is that, despite of its contestations on the effectiveness and its constructive role in diplomacy, summitry has become an indispensable means of convention both on regional and international level. As Dunn argues in Diplomacy at the highest level: Summitry has evolved considerably in the post-war period. From being an exceptional and therefore high-profile event, summitry has developed to become a frequent and routine instrument of international diplomacy (Dunn, 1996, p. 265). However, one cannot deny that summitry has its substantive risks particularly on how the timing matters in initiating a summit especially involving states from all across the globe. The aim of a summit is not to only discuss on the subject of interests, but also to produce a fair outcome by the end of the meetings. Or else, the effort of organising a summit will be in vain if nothing comes out of it. Hence, it is crucial to take into account timing as one of the important factors during the preparation period. Although to be fair, factors like economic recessions and political instability of other state members are something that is rather inevitable. In this respect, the power position of ones state has also been a major determinant in ensuring the success of reaching the summits objectives. On a lighter note, summitry has been proven to be an effective mechanism for some weaker states to be prominent in the global arena despite for its limited structural power. In addition to this, summitry also has a unique nature that it could be use as tool in promoting public diplomacy especially in a global scale summit. This has been utilised as a best practice by state leaders and diplomats in pursuit of grabbing the attention of the public eye including the media. Especially in an era of free flow of information, state leaders and diplomats find summits to be quite amusing as public opinions matters in todays world of politics. Regardless of the outcome of the summit, these leaders do not walk out of the conference with empty handed. Some walk out of the summit with pride and several accomplishments, but in many instances, most of them walk out with just one thing, a free publicity to themselves. Which how I would like to put it as, free-riding at its best.

Animals :: Environment, Natural Disasters, Extinction

We all studied the extinction of dinosaurs in middle school. We know that, two hundred fifty million years ago, more than 90% of the planet species became extinct. There have been five major mass extinctions during the life history of planet earth. Scientists now agree that we are experiencing a sixth major extinction. The big difference between the older events and now is, â€Å"unlike earlier extinctions, this one results from the work of a single species, Homo sapiens. We are relentlessly taking over the planet, laying it to waste and eliminating most of our fellow species† (Coyne 1). We should care about this man-made extinction for a lot of reasons, including the interconnectedness of life, our moral obligation to take care of our planet, and even economic factors. In the past, extinctions were caused by natural disasters, such as volcanic eruptions during the Permian period, and asteroid impact during the Cretaceous extinction. These major events caused global warming by increasing CO2 in the atmosphere, and shut down photosynthesis by blocking sunlight with a huge cloud of debris. Both of these catastrophes altered the Earth’s climate radically, which caused the extinctions (Campbell 521-522). The current extinction is not being caused by natural factors, but by us. â€Å"Rates of species extinction have increased rapidly since the early Holocene epoch, chiefly due to activities of humans; further acceleration of extinction rates began approximately 1600 AD, with the onset of accelerated human population growth and expanded scope of agriculture† (Hogan 1). We have caused this destruction by overfishing/hunting, destroying habitats, increasing global warming with fossil fuels and pollution, and a general disregard for the res t of the life on Earth (Coyne 1). For many years it was thought that humans had hunted the Wooly Mammoth to extinction. It has been found that â€Å"the wooly mammoth went extinct primarily because of habitat loss due to changes in temperature, while human hunting acted as the final straw† (â€Å"Climate Change and Human Hunting Combine To Drive The Woolly Mammoth Extinct† 1). Animals have been hunted for food, trophies, medicines, and souvenirs. Many of the endangered species are targets, such as the Chinese tiger, which has been hunted for medical use over the last 1000 years (Hogan 3). Overfishing has caused the populations of large fish to be only 10% of the levels found in 1950.

Our Fear of Wolves :: essays research papers fc

Our Fear of Wolves Wolf! What is the first thought that enters one’s mind upon the utterance of that word? More than likely it is the image of a hairy, razor-sharp toothed beast awaiting the thrill of its next merciless kill. Unfortunately, this stereotypical image has been embalmed within the human psyche of the Western civilization for hundreds of years. Most have never even seen a wolf, yet human’s fear of the animal is seemingly as natural as being afraid of the dark. Might these fears be caused by the mind’s interpretation of the literature and stories that have been told over the centuries? For hundreds of years, the wolf has been greatly mischaracterized and it is time to put these out-dated notions to rest.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Writings depicting wolves as evil creatures are present in every era of history and began very long ago. As far back as 500 BC, the Greek fabulist Aesop often used wolves as characters in his short stories that are today known as Aesop’s Fables. Colette Palamar, a researcher at the University of Idaho, indicates that the animal characters in the fables symbolically represent different values and attitudes, and Aesop uses them to deliver some type of ethical advice or moral (1). Unfortunately for the wolf, â€Å"In Aesop’s fables, we saw the wolf portrayed as a wild, boundless animal who is a conniving, tricky, sneaky thief and killer† (Palamar 3). Although the intent of his stories was to give people ethical advice, his goal was achieved at the expense of the wolf’s reputation and influenced people to believe that wolves were horrible creatures. The way that the wolf is portrayed in mythology and fairy tales effected people’s impression of the animals. R.D. Lawerence points out how Germanic Norse mythology tells the story an enormous wolf named Fenris, who was the first son of the satanic overlord Loki (122). The legend of Fenris states that, â€Å"[he] was so large that when he opened his mouth his jaws stretched from earth to heaven†(Todd 1). As the legend goes, he â€Å"devoured several hundred people before the gods were able to chain him.†(Lawerence 122) This 1000-year-old German legend tells us that the wolf eats people mercilessly and is a satanic offspring of the devil. Take also into consideration the widely popular fairy tale â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood.† R.D. Lawerence states that, â€Å"The story of Little Red Riding Hood perpetuates a number of myths about wolves†(120).

Dinosaur Fossil Discoveries in Antarctica :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Dinosaur Fossil Discoveries in Antarctica The chance of two different research groups finding two different fossils that are in fact two different kinds of species within the course of a week is close to impossible. However, this rare and lucky occurrence in the paleontology world has occured. Two research teams have retrieved fossils of two different dinosaurs in Antarctica that might possibly be unknown species. Judd Case and James Martin discovered bones, specifically those of the lower legs and feet, as well as the animal’s upper jaw and teeth. These fossils are said to be related to the carnivorous theropods, such as tyrannosaurs and velociraptors. Theropods have been related with birds and this new fossil’s feet as well as teeth relate it to the extinct carnivores. Also, due to the size and shape of the foot and leg bones, the animal is said to be a running dinosaur about six to eight feet tall. Thousands of miles away from this excavation sight and during the same week, William Hammer and his research team were in the mountains of Antarctica, about thirteen thousand feet, specifically near the Beardmore Glacier. The pelvis to a plant-eating dinosaur was found buried in solid rock. This pelvis is said to belong to a family of the sauropod, such as the brachiosaurus and diplodocus. â€Å"... Hammer and his fellow researchers believe the pelvis- one meter (three feet) across- isfrom a primitive sauropod that represents one of the earlier forms of emerging dinosaur lineage that eventually produced animals more than thirty meters (100 feet) long† (www.nsf.gov 2004). This animal is estimated to be up to seven feet tall and thirty feet long. These findings are important to paleontology as scientists work to discover more about the Earth’s past. These fossils give more insight into the Earth’s environment million’s of years ago. The fact that these fossils may be new species’ that paleontologists were not even aware of shows how little we may know about the history of the world and what other life walked on the Earth.

Nissan: Culture and Earlier Cg Uses

CM J41 Strategy Execution [pic] 1. 0 Resume: The case is about the turnaround of Nissan in the year 1999 to 2002. Nissan experienced great finances looses for the past seven out of eight years which resulted in a 22 billion $ debt and an outdated product portfolio with little liquid capital for new product development. In just 12 months the new COO, Carlos Ghosn (CG), succeeded in turning Nissan into profitability with a new and more performance oriented corporate culture. 2. Evaluation of Carlos Ghosn’s approach to turning Nissan around: The overall evaluation of CG is full of success which, I think, is duo to his personal background, his philosophies of management and a little bit of luck. CG has a multicultural background and has proven himself having capacity for global leadership. In his career he has learned to manage large operations under adverse condition on four different continents and speaks five languages. He has a very open and pragmatic approach towards his surr oundings, with this in mind his specialty is improving cost efficiencies, and this has earned him the nickname â€Å"Le Cost-Killer†.CG philosophies of management consist of three principals. These are transparency, execution and communication which all are essential to give employees structure and direction. His leadership style is characterized by him being achievement orientated, participative, supportive and directive leader. Furthermore a unique quality and vital factor for CG success is in my opinion was his implementation of the Cross Functional Teams (CFT) and his approach to cultural conflict, which he sees as an opportunity to create rapid innovation, if paced and channelled correctly. In the above mentioned I state, that CGs approach was a success.In the following four aspects I will try to prove this, by stressing out different arguments from the case combined with relevant theory. 2. 1 Resistance to change: People do not resist change but specific things. (Notes lec. 5) Over 50 % of all change initiatives in organizations fail to succeed and when this occurs, leaders often blame resistance. They assume that if only people would stop complaining and get on board, all would be fine (Ford et al. , 2009). But resistance is, in fact, a form of feedback, often provided by people who know more about day-to-day operations than you do.It can therefore be turned into a vibrant conversation that gives your change effort a higher profile (Ford et al. , 2009). This could be one of the reasons to why CG set up the CFT. Dismissing the feedback deprives you of potentially valuable information, costs you goodwill, and jeopardizes important relationships. If you learn to embrace resistance, you can use it as a resource and find your way to a better solution (Ford et al. , 2009). Resistance, properly understood as feedback, can be an important resource in improving the quality and clarity of the objectives and strategies at the heart of a change proposal.And, properly used, it can enhance the prospects for successful implementation (Ford et al. , 2009). Looking at the theory applied and the case, I believe that the resistance to change that CG faced was inevitable. As I see it one of the main reasons for resistances was due to the culture background, however there were several of underlying causes that could create a tension and resistance to change at Nissan. One is a more general conflict that arises when trying to move people, who do not find movement necessary.Another resistance point could be the urge for protecting ones career development, which before the intervention of CG was based on promotion on seniority basis and a zero mistake culture, which resulted in general a lack of innovation, a slow decision making and risk adverse mentality. To this CG responded with a change in the career development structure at Nissan, so that the highest achievers got the highest rewards and promotion was based on performance, leading to higher performance, willingness to make mistakes and create an innovation platform.Although these initiatives where not without resistance, because of the promotion of some younger leader over older, long serving employees which was in opposition to Japanese culture norms, CG took the same approach as with cultural differences and saw growth opportunities instead of problems for the young managers since they where challenged in their authority, which gave them growth experiences. As an overall when it comes to turning a company around as drastically as was needed for Nissan it is bound to create some resistance, and that CG new and was prepared for.Such a big change makes the future uncertain for many employees and the uncertainty is something many naturally try to avoid, and thereby instinctively becomes resistant. This Combined with a strong Japanese traditions, an organizational culture that has hindered innovation, adaptability and accountability, and last but not least a Japanese gov ernment that historically always have bailed out troubled employees, thereby creating no reason for action, and a feeling of no urgency, only made the resistance worse.All this being said, I am convinced that CG handed the resistance to change ideally. He didn’t as Ford el al. points out hold any possible reason for failure on resistance, and thereby risking overlooking opportunities to strengthen operational outcomes. 2. 2 Organizational culture: A part of the organizational culture at Nissan was the sub optimization with focus only on each individuals own department with little regard for understanding the company as a whole. This including other aspects of the organizational culture resulted in CG detecting a series of problems.From management side, the most fundamental ones was the lack of vision and ignoring customer voices. Furthermore he identified problems with, lack of clear profit orientation, lack of sense of urgency, no shared vision, insufficient focus on custome r and too much focus on competitors and lack of cross functional implementations. As a consequence of these findings CG organized nine CFTs for tackling Nissan’s cultural problems, and allowing the company to develop a new corporate culture from the best elements of Japan`s national culture.Working together in the CFTs helped managers think in new ways (innovation) and challenge the existing practices (efficiency). CG explained to employees at all levels of the company that they them selves possessed solutions to Nissan’s problems, giving them a sense of responsibility and ownership in turning Nissan around. It was neither top-down nor bottom-up. It was both â€Å"top-down and bottom-up. † CG could just have formulated solutions by himself and ordered them to be implemented by senior managers, but he believed in the managers and employees in Nissan, nd he was good at showing them this. As mentioned in 2. 0 he believed that if one just dictated changes from above , the effort could backfire, undermining morale and productivity. The CFTs was a way to minor the resistance to change and involve and motivate middle managers who had detailed information about the company’s daily business and had the potential to come up with solutions to the company’s problems. Even before taking over the position as COO, he had industry analysts against him, whom anticipated a culture clash between the French leadership style and his new Japanese employees.This could also have affected some employee attitude towards CG in a negative way beforehand. Besides this I am convinced that many parts of the Nissan organization did not feel very good about having CG changing things as drastically as he did. A labeling from the media as a gaijin, a foreigner and a reduction of 21,000 jobs, will inevitably create an uncertainty and therefore opponents among both lower level employees as well as higher in the hierarchy.Also the new employee advancement strategy , which challenged the traditional career advancement, created some negative emotions towards CG among the older, longer serving employees, since they were no longer automatically granted with a career advancement for long time service in the company. Furthermore, layoff of several of managers who did not meet targets regardless of circumstances and the demotion of Vice President of Sales and Marketing in Japan presumably created resistance and discontent.But I do believe that CG was successful in enlisting most of the organizations support over a fairly short period of time, though his leadership style, where his visibility and openness to taking recommendations & opinions of Nissan people seriously. Another reason is the respect for leadership that is inherent in most Japanese. This made his approach to leadership even more effective. Also the delegation of responsibilities to the CFTs helped getting the support of middle and lower levels, so he could focus his attention on top ma nagement. 2. 3 National culture:The national culture has without a doubt played a large part in the outcome of CG’s attempt to turn Nissan around. On one hand it hindered change because of the sense of security the government created and its rigid approach to decision making and career advancement. On the other hand the respect for leadership made it easier for him and his CFTs to have an impact on the organization. The cultural differences between CG and the Nissan organization was profound because he had never been exposed to Japanese culture before, but his approach to the culture ensured that he was fully aware of the issues that could arise.He stated that he wanted to discover Japan by being in Japan with Japanese people. That shows his humble and respectful approach to their culture, which I think benefited him allot and which I in the following will show some examples of. The respectful approach to the Japanese culture forced e. g. CG to pay extra attention on the empo werment of employees. As mentioned, Japanese business culture is characterized by a search for conscientiousness, corporation, group harmony, and an avoidance of mistakes. This all leads to a delay of decision making and a lack of responsibility.The introduction of CFTs was in my opinion a strategic stroke of genius because it was partly an attempt to break with the inconveniences of Japanese culture without harassing the fundamentals and partly because people in the CFTs got a bird’s eye perspective of the company and it gave them a sense of ownership and responsibility, which was necessary to turn things around. Cultural conflict could, in my opinion, easily be a root to resistance to change but as mentioned earlier CG uses and see cultural conflict as something positive if handled correctly, which also is in line with both Ford et al. and Dent et al. iew of how resistance to change should be handled (Ford et al. , 2009) (Dent et al. , 1999). By introducing the CFTs CG also avoided the failure that many companies often do in the execution of their strategy, which is going directly to the structural reorganization. Instead he focused on some of the most powerful drivers of effectiveness – decision rights and information flows (Nielson et al, 2008). The CFTs had in their ability of being cross functional all the information they needed to take the right decisions and by encouraging the members to come forth with their ideas and take risks the effectiveness of the CFTs was even greater.CG also changed the traditional Japanese compensation system to a more Western approach with possibility for employee advancements based on performance instead of seniority. This greatly empowered the talented employees, who was much needed in the turnaround but was also a source of conflict between young leader and older, longer-serving employees. But again CG saw a possible conflict as a positive thing. â€Å"†¦these tests of authority were growth experience s for young managers†.This shows again his personal ability to turn challenges into something good and productive. 2. 4 Luck and timing: There is no doubt that CG was lucky. His timing was impeccable as the bankruptcy of Yamaichi happened when he took office as COO in Nissan. The misfortune of the major financial house in Japan helped open the eyes of the employees in Nissan. The employees realized that lifetime employment was no longer a reality and that they had to do their own part to secure the company’s future and thus their own jobs.CG, to his credit, used the Yamaichi example whenever he could to continue to motivate his employees, repeating that their fate would be no different if they did not put all of their effort into figuring out, and then executing, the best way to turn Nissan around. By repeating the story CG paved the way for a major organizational and cultural change that otherwise would have been hard to push through. If people do not see why change is necessary, then motivation for change will be nonexistent.Moving a huge organization simply by brute force is an impossible task, but CG’s strike of luck created a powerful momentum that diminished potential resistance to change. Without this, CG and his CFTs would probably have faced a much more daunting task if the turnaround had taken place few years earlier. But it was not all luck. CG a used the bankruptcy strategic in the meaning of unfreezing the organization in Lewins words or as Cotter expresses it â€Å"creating a burning platform†. By telling the story over and over again he made the organization and every employee ready for change.When everyone was ready CG created a vision that was tangible, concise, and easy to relate to for the employees. It is not enough to create a great vision. It also has to be communicated effectively to the organization. CG was aware of this as the quote below shows â€Å"He was the first manager to actually walk around the entir e company and meet every employee in person, shaking hands and introducing himself†. CG was prepared to â€Å"walk the talk† himself and did so by taking the lead and thereby showing the employees the way. 3. 0 Conclusion: All in all I think CG did an incredible job turning Nissan around in a very short period of time.Inspired by the voting we have done in the class, I would give him a 12, the highest mark. As a non-Japanese COO he managed to overcome Japanese cultural obstacles, as well as effectively transforming a bureaucratic organizational culture and turning a large continuing deficit into a profit within 12 month. One could question though whether his successor will be able to continue what CG started or if he needs to find his own way. Either way, CG has a justifiable concern for the future of Nissan. They might be on the right path, but they are still far from reaching their goals.

Density Lab Report

Density is defined by its crowdes per unit intensiveness, and is most a good deal written in mathematical damage as d = m / vMass is unremarkably granted in gravitational constants, g, and deal is minded(p) in cubic centimeters, g/cm3, or, grams per milliliter, g/mL. Density is non a situation that depends upon the amount of heart and soul present. For example, one gram of hint and one ton of lead have the same minginess. Density similarly does depend on temperature. For instance bleak water system is denser than warm water trumpery is less dense than both. The method utilize for determining the parsimony of a substance depends on the nature of the substance. In this lab the densities of hidden irregularly shaped solids and liquifieds was goaded.Accuracy and clearcutness of the results go awaying be estimated, and attention will be paid to the correct custom of the significant figures. The experiment approach that will be used will give nonice (of) the c ircumstances and strength of the alloy and still determined by measuring these cardinal quantities with a graduated piston chamber and biuret. usea) The niggardliness of surfacesFirst I obtained a standard of unfamiliar admixture. Recording the unknown come in. I used only one guinea pig of metal for this part of the experiment.The unknown metal that I was instructed to use was a chunk, therefore, I used a 50ml graduated cylinder. When victimisation the 50ml cylinder, I filled it with water to ab bug out the 35ml mark. Then preserve the fine volume of water that was added. I placed the cylinder and water on the equaliser and recorded the mass to every 0.1g. I added the metal to the graduated cylinder until the water direct increased by approximately 2.0ml. organism sure to tap the sides of the cylinder to acquittance any air bubbles. I and and so recorded the volume of the water overconfident metal to the nearest 0.1mL.Then recorded the full mass of the cylin der, water and metal. I added much(prenominal) pieces of metal to the cylinder until the water train had increased by 2.5ml. Then I recorded the exact volume of water plus metal and complete mass of cylinder, water and metal. I repeated the appendage twice more. Being careful not to go over the 50ml mark. And recording the information individually time.CalculationsI determined the total volume of metal in the cylinder by subtracting the volume of water from the volume of water plus metal. Then raise the corresponding mass of metal by subtracting the mass of the cylinder and water from the mass of the cylinder, water and metal. I plotted out the represent showing the total mass of metal on the y-axis, and the volume on the x-axis. I found the slope of the grade by taking two ergodic points from the graph, performing the slope formula and conclusion the density. From the table provided, I identified the unknown metal to be eloquent.b). Determining the density of a water/ ethanol mixture.I obtained an unknown solution from the instructor. Then recorded the number of the solution.Then I rinsed a burettete with a little of the ethanol solution, and filled the buret with that same solution. I read the buret level to the nearest 0.05ml. Then weighed an overturn 250ml Erlenmeyer flaskful. I turned the knob of the buret and put approximately 23.4ml of solution into the flask. I read the buret again, to 0.05ml and recorded.Next I weighed the flask and its contents, by placing the flask on the balance and recording the temperature of the solution. I then determined the density of the solution by taking the mass of solution and dividing it by the volume of solution. Repeating the procedure twice more using a clean flask and the same balance each time.CalculationsFor each of the three trials I calculated the density of the solution and determined the mean, average departure from the mean, percent precision and the range. I then drew a calibration hoist fr om the data given on rogue 17 of my Laboratory Manual.DiscussionBased on the value of my density, and based on the literary works values given on rascal 16 of my Laboratory Manual, the unknown metal is silver. The density I had obtained from the slope of the graph was 9.09g/mL. I then compared my density to the chart given, looking for a similar density. The density of my unknown metal was not exact with a particular metal given inthe chart, but I kept in mind that the density of silver can vary depending of the state it is in.Error abridgmentThe possible sources of error in finding the density of the unknown metal and liquid would have to be my consistency passim the experiment. I had approximated with my bare eye and was not consistently exact. Therefore, there was an inaccuracy in adaptation the volume displaced from the graduated cylinder and the biuret.

Mandeville Analysis

de business organizationate valetudinarianism To understand Mandibles claim that guild is criminality- set, unmatched essentials to loosely examine The Grumbling put in which was later included in his capaciousr take a leak, The fiction of the Bees OR, Private delinquencys, Public Benefits. Mandible starts dour by describing A Spacious Hive well stocks with Bees, That lived in Luxury and Ease (Mandible, 1705, lines 1-2). He states they were a large colony with science and industry and a safe government, evidenced by the fact that They were non Slaves to authoritarianism (Mandible, 1 705, line 9).The bees worked heavy at their trades, which served to conciliate the severnership (the hive) thrive, provided he observes that this was non with discover consequences. He notes hat although the hive worked sullen and Millions were employed (Mandible, 1705, line 35), on that point was al counsels a separate variance or aggroup that worked harder than the rest And some were unlucky to Scythes and Spades, And every last(predicate) those hard laborious Trades Where willing Wretches nonchalant sweat, And wear divulge Strength and Limbs to eat (Mandible, 1 705, lines 41-44).He also notes that there is always a group of tribe who will take advantage of those hard workers for their own gain, and that this deceit was wide-spread and affected either groups and trades. As evidence, he points out that people filed need little assists lawyers would cargo hold hearings and pocket the retaining fees the likes of burglars looking for the best way to break in physicians valued money and index human body over the health and well-being of their patients and instead chose to withdraw Rules of Art the Priests of Jove, although eloquent, . Al past Muster, that could hide Their Sloth, Lust, greed and Pride (Mandible, 1705, lines 74, 85, 89-90) the Kings were cheated by those who served them, and flush Lady arbiter dropped her scales so she could grasp h er bribe of gold. (Mandible, 1705, line 142). In this description of the flourishing hive, Mandible paints us a picture, not of a orderliness flourishing from hard work, sweat, and doing the right involvement, but of a indian lodge steriliseting ahead through tricks, deceit, and greed.This is the entire basis for his pattern of Vice. We do nothing out of fresh altruism. In Mandibles eyes, everything is ingestn by Our own self-interest, our need to fulfill our own wishes, Wants, and desires through selfishness, dis seriousy and leniency on luxury goods. In the Preface of his big work, The allegory of the Bees or, Private Vices, PublicBenefits, Mandible clarifies his position just when he states so they that examine into the Nature of Man, pussyfoot from Art and Education, may observe, that what renders him a Sociable Animal, consists not in his desire or Company, Good-nature, Pity, Affability, and other Graces of a fair Outside but that his vilest and most unneedinessed Qualities argon the most necessary Accomplishments to fit him for the largest, and, tally to the World, the happiest and most flourishing Societies (Mandible, 1714, p. ). Mandibles views were refuted by Adam metalworker in his 1759 work, The Theory f Moral Sentiments when he stated Every thing, according to him, is luxury which exceeds what is abruptly necessary for the support of human nature, so that there is vice even in the use of a clean shirt, or of a convenient nursing office (Smith, 1 759, p. 506). It is Smiths view that there is no vice present or intended when our actions be sound and noble (Smith, 1759, p. 501).However, even Smith, who was one of Mandibles biggest detractors, later admitted still how destructive sever, this system may appear, it could never deliver imposed upon so great a number of persons, nor eve occasioned so general an alarm among those who be the friends of better principles, had it not in some reckon bordered upon the truth (Smith, 1 759, p. 508), leaving us to believe that perhaps Mandibles concept (and consequence) of vice is truly true.The Products of Vice In Mandibles hive, the society and its preservation is driven by the vices of the bees. Their wishes, wants, and desires for things drive the production and consumption of these commodities. An change magnitude demand for things will lead to much people working to produce those items, which will lead to a argue supply available to the populace (many multiplication at a lower cost collect to mass production), and an increased consumption of those items, which leads us post to higher demand, which equals more work, and so on.Mandible also goes on to say that there is a causal family relationship between this vice and the ingenuity of the worker, which leads to prosperity even for the poorest members of the hive (society) Thus Vice nursed Ingenuity, Which linked with Time and Industry Had carrys vitalitys Conveniences, Its real Pleasures, Comforts, Ease, To such a Height, the very Poor Lived better than the Rich sooner And nothing could be added more (Mandible, 1705, lines 97-103).It is important to violate here a moment and point out that we are not discussing those items required to meet basic, day-to-day needs (food, clothing, and housing). We are discussing those items over and higher up the basics, I. E. elegant clothing, fancy furniture, and big-ticket(prenominal) food and drink (what he would scream luxury items). This conspicuous consumption (a call first coined by Thorniest Evolve in his 1 899 book entitled, The Theory of the unoccupied Class An stinting Study of he Evolution of Institutions) still drives our deliverance today.A large portion of our population lives well above their means. They purchase houses many times larger than they need, drive vehicles merchandi check overd to upscale buyers interested in brand naming, and take out second mortgages they butt jointt afford so they can purchase Brobdingn agian Class A motherhood they use once a year, or install a pool which sees limited usage, all because of this need to gain the things that project a genuine image or lifestyle. These luxury items and the markets they drive were huge in our current society, until the bottom fell outOf the market and everything came crashing down. In 2005, Carol Lloyd Of the San Francisco Chronicle noted In the U. S. , a burn in 1 reply toward large houses began, with the average size of it of a home doubling over the next 50 years. This trend has been compared to the increase in SUB purchases, also very much a symbol of conspicuous consumption. People have purchased huge houses even at the expense of the size of their yard, the inability to save funds for retirement, or a greatly increased commute time, up to a couple of hours.Such large homes can also drive other forms of consumption, in roving extra terminal space for vehicles, clothes, and other objects (Lloyd, 2005). In The Theory of the Leisure Class, Evolve argued that social honor was originally base on ownership of private property. In preceding times, wealth was seen as evidence of the instinct of workmanship, but more recently wealth itself is worthy of praise. Originally, the waste class sought to found its wealth by not working. But as industrial society evolved, conspicuous consumption became the best way to demonstrate ones wealth.The leisure class is liveed to consume the best in food, drink, shelter, argotic, services, ornaments, apparel, amusements, and so on, and because the leisure class stands at the top of this ranking system, it is incumbent on all classes that rank below them to follow their example (Evolve, 1899, Chi. 4). When Vice is Removed So what happens when vice is removed from society? In Mandibles hive, the bees eventually get threadbare of animation in greed and injustice, so they call on Jove to bring virtue to their society. But, Oh ye Gods What Consternation, How vast and sudd en was the Alteration In half an Hour, the Nation round, shopping c envision fell a Penny in the hammering (Mandible, 1 705, lines 242-245). Even the lawyers were affected in this cutting society The Bar was silent from that Day For this instant the willing Debtors hand On which, since nothing little can thrive, Than Lawyers in an honest Hive (Mandible, 1705, lines 250-251 256-257). umpire returned, physicians tended the ill, the clergy ministered, but heretofore, the hive was still collapsing. legality has been restored, but the society begins to self-destruct. With the drive for self-interest gone, economic development dies and the bees grow lazy and unmotivated. The bees are now selling off Stately Horses by whole sets And Country Houses to pay Debts (Mandible, 1705, lines 325-326) they are moving to other trades where they feel they can make a living, still to find that those trades are oer-stocked accordingly (Mandible, 1 705, lines 342). Their lands and houses arent worth what they paid for them, work is scarce, all, it seems is lost.So, they resolve to go about everyday life, living as simply as they can to get by And, when they paid the Tavern Score, Resolved to enter it no more (Mandible, 1705, lines 357-358). The Haughty Chloe has to sell her furniture from the Indies, she goes longer before buying new clothes, and the rare fruits she previously enjoyed are now a thing of the past (Mandible, 1705, lines 367-381). It seems that by seeking honesty and virtue, the society destroyed itself. The bees start to abandon the hive.The few that repose take shelter in a jam tree, Blest with content and Honesty (Mandible, 1705, lines 407-408), In the last initiate of the doggerel, Mandible presents The MORAL Then leave Complaints Fools only strive To make a Great an honest Hive. Tendon the Worlds Conveniences, Be Famed in War, yet live in Ease Without great Vices, is a vain Utopia seated in the Brain. Fraud, Luxury, and Pride essential live Whilst we the Benefits elate (Mandible, 1705, lines 409-416).Mandible commented in the preface to Fable Of the Bees that he wrote The Grumbling Hive to show the iniquity of the Ingredients that all together compose the wholesome smorgasbord of a well-ordered Society. He further stated that For the main Design of the Fable Is to she show the impossibleness of enjoying all the most elegant Comforts of Life that are to be met with in an industrious, lathe and powerful Nation, and at the same time be b littles with all the Virtue and Innocence that can be wished for in a Golden Age (Mandible, 1714, p. ). We can apply this theory that vice is the foundation of national prosperity and delight to the economic mess in the join States today. there came a point in our current economy that people began to realize they were in debt too deep. galore(postnominal) times, applications for credit were doctored so that a consumer could take out more credit than they could really afford. The result was that consumers over-extended and bought multitudes of things hey did not need and could not pay for in interest group of status.Once this realization set in, people began to stomach away from the excesses of the previous decade they spent less and tried to save more, they started to sell off their expensive purchases, and they tried to cut back, settling for the day- to-day items necessary to vex life. Some economists say this sudden frugality actually made things worse, because when people stopped spending, the economy shrink up. The price of land and houses plummeted, new building stopped, workers in all kinds of industries lost their bobs, factories closed, and the unemployment rate skyrocketed.People started defaulting on loans at an alarming rate. The market was flooded with used travel homes and people were stuck with houses they couldnt afford, but couldnt sell. Foreclosures were (and still are) at an uncomparable high. It seems the American dream has vanished. Whi le Mandible believed the Vice that causes us to buy things in excess is part of the downfall of the hive Great wealth and irrelevant treasure, Mandible wrote, will ever scorn to devolve among men unless youll admit their inseparable companions, avarice and rake-off where trade is considerable, fraud will intrude.To be at once well- bred and sincere is no less than a contradiction and therefore while man advances in knowledge, and his manners are polished, we must expect to see at the same time his desires enlarged, his appetites refined, and his vices increased (Mandible, 1714, p. 201 it is fire to note that the Scandinavian countries (Sweden, Denmark and Norway) have remained relatively stable. In these countries where many people pay 50% of their income in taxes to support their high-benefit welfare system, these systems eve been acting as stabilizers to their economies.If you lose your job in Sweden, you can expect to receive of your wages for the first 200 eld of inactivity , up to 680 kronor (EYE) per day, dropping to 70% for the following light speed days. If you lose your job in Norway, you will receive 62% of your previous salary for up to ii years (Pouches, 2009). Kristin Halverson, Narrators finance minister, states In these days, we see that a fuddled welfare state, together with free precept and healthcare, has acted as a buffer that stabilizes the economy (Pouches, 2009).Perhaps this is wherefore the Scandinavian entries were affected much less than the United States during the recent recession. I doubt its because Scandinavia is much less prone to Mandibles concept ofCE. It is much more likely that in a country like the United States where the welfare state has such strong disapproval, the competitive, get ahead at all be and keep up with the Joneses mentality of the American consumer is at fault. It is the do anything, say anything mentality that people are willing to employ to get what they want when they want it, whether they can affo rd it or not.