Effecting America One Scandal at a Time

Affecting America One Scandal at once Free Online Research Papers Checks and parities was a thought that emerged during the sythesis of the U.S. Constitution. Balanced governance were made with the goal that nobody single part of government (which incorporates administrative, legal executive, and official) would turn out to be excessively incredible. This idea keeps an oppression from controlling the United States, or any criminal operations to happen inside the legislature. One key case of the force the legal executive and authoritative branches have over the official branch is the Watergate Scandal. The Watergate Scandal is a prime case of how proposals governing rules become an integral factor. Likewise, the occasions of Watergate show how even the president (official branch) is responsible to the legal and authoritative branches. Despite the fact that Nixon had numerous solid attributes of a fruitful pioneer, â€Å"Nixon’s open activities were nothing contrasted with what he had done to guarantee his re-election.† (Carnes, and Garraty 640) â€Å"In response to Daniel Ellsberg’s hole of the Pentagon (papers that discussed how the American Government had deceived the American individuals on the advancement in Vietnam), Nixon set up a mystery unit called â€Å"the plumbers†. This gathering was requested to complete different criminal operations for the sake of â€Å"national security†Ã¢â‚¬ . On June 17, 1972 five men were captured at 2:30a.m, Bernard Barker, Virgilio Gonzlez, Eugenio Martinez, James W. McCord Jr., and Frank Sturgis. These men were employed or potentially requested to set up recording gadgets in the workplaces of the Democratic National Committee at the Watergate Hotel in Washington D.C. At their capture â€Å"Police found walkie-talkies, 40 moves of unexposed film, two 35-milimeter cameras, lock picks, poisonous gas, and bothering gadgets that clearly were fit for getting both phone and room conversations† (Bernstein, and Woodward ). At the point when the knowing about these men at long last occurred, things started to unfurl. When solicited, every one of the men uncovered some association with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The men were â€Å"hired hands, available to come in to work to deal with the agency’s â€Å"less classy work† †. This clearly caused a stir in different zones of the administration, yet Nixon advi sed the White House press secretary to excuse the occurrence as an awful rate theft. This, in spite of the fact that didn't prevent journalists from examining further, indeed, the announcement just made columnists like Bob Woodward, and Carl Bernstein seek after the reality of the situation further. What was Watergate? That was the inquiry journalists were posing. Nobody very realized what it was. Some took the president’s word, and essentially excused it as a crummy rate robbery. Others, similar to the acclaimed Woodward and Bernstein sought after reality of the robbery. At the capture, two of the five men engaged with the break-in, had a location book that â€Å"contained the name and telephone number of a Howard E. Chase, with little documentations â€Å"W. House† and â€Å"W.H† † (Bernstein, and Woodward ). Presently the inquiry had been raised; what business did individuals from the CIA, gaining practical experience in pestering, have with the Whitehouse? As the reporter’s examination proceeded, they found, through FBI sources, that the Whitehouse had assumed control over ownership of the Watergate examination documents. The entire outrage was self-destructing, and the reality of the situation was turning out to be more clear according to the media and all the more significantly the eyes of the American individuals. The outrage had gotten so stunning, that the administrative and legal executive branches felt a squeezing need to step in, and assume responsibility for the official branch. As more disclosures happened, different parts of the administration turned out to be increasingly more associated with the analytical procedure. As the examination proceeded, it was uncovered that Nixon had introduced a taping framework in the Whitehouse, to record all discussions that occurred. After this disclosure, it turned into a specific direness to take a few to get back some composure of the tapes. All things considered, if Nixon or some other Whitehouse official was engaged with the Watergate outrage, at that point their voices would be on the tape, on the off chance that not, at that point they would be liberated from conviction. The Nixon tapes were enduring an onslaught, the indictment expected to get their hands on it. The tapes were pronounced noteworthy for the terrific jury’s criminal examination. This was the first occasion when anybody had ever summoned the president, and Nixon got two around the same time. He got one from the advisory group and one from the investigator, Archibald Cox (Emery 576). Now, Nixon was guaranteeing that neither Congress, nor Cox reserved the privilege to request proof from the official branch, and said it was â€Å"vital to national security†. Nixon’s refusal to hand the tapes over, constrained the Senate Committee to think of a method of compelling Nixon to hand the tapes over. All things considered, Nixon controlled the Department of Justice, the FBI, and the Armed Forces. Nixon’s position as president began to cause issues, for the Senate. They had come to understand that they were at a stop and Nixon had the high ground. His clear authority over significant pieces of the administration was turning into a block. The advisory group was frantic for an arrangement to acquire the recorded tapes, and an answer was at long last given by the indictment. The arrangement was to â€Å"sue for the tapes in government court†. The Senate Committee consented to this arrangement and helped the indictment finish. The claim went to a similar appointed authority as the person who was supervising the Watergate preliminary. The adjudicator â€Å"charged the president to give the tapes to the prosecutor† (Emery 576). The Whitehouse spoke to the Federal Court of advances. The court decided for the appointed authority, and requested the tapes out of Nixon. This goaded Nixon; all things considered, Cox was a worker of the official branch, and was testing his power. In this way, Nixon requested the Attorney General Elliot Richardson to fire Cox. He can't and surrendered. Nixon at that point requested that the representative fire Cox. The delegate additionally surrendered. Nixon at long last asked a third-positioning Justice Department authority to fire Cox, and become the new Attorney General. He concurred. This occurrence was called â €Å"The Saturday Massacre†. This welcomed a great deal of weight down on Nixon; he along these lines consented to select another examiner. The examiner was Leon Jaworski. The examiner concurred under the condition that Nixon couldn't fire him. Thus, as the preliminary proceeded, the tapes were analyzed and accordingly a disturbing revelation was made. There was a 18-minute hole in one of the tapes (Emery 576). â€Å"Prosecutor Jaworski requested that the Whitehouse turn more than 69 additional tapes. Indeed the Supreme Court decided that Nixon needed to flexibly the summoned tapes† (Emery 576). On July 27th-30th, the Judiciary Committee proposed that Nixon be impugned on three charges: hindrance of equity, maltreatment of presidential force, and attempting to frustrate the prosecution procedure by resisting advisory group summons. The board decided on his indictment, and the vote conflicted with him. Thusly Nixon needed to stand preliminary before the U.S Senate and was seen as liable. In the outcome, the Whitehouse discharged a transcript of the tapes. In it, there was a discussion among Nixon and Haldeman (Nixon’s head of staff). Nixon advised Haldeman to stop the FBI’s examination of Watergate. This â€Å"made it clear that Nixon was engaged with the concealment from the beginning† (Emery 576). At nine-o’clock on August 8, 1974 Nixon made his last discourse as president. He just confessed to losing the two branches’ support. Around early afternoon, the Vice-president, Gerald R. Passage, was initiated. He told the American individuals in his discourse that â€Å"†¦our long national bad dream is over† (Emery 576) â€Å"President Ford demanded he had no expectation of exculpating Nixon† (Brown Tindall, and Emory Shi 1264). In any case, on September 1974, Ford gave the exoneration to Nixon, clarifying this was important to end the national fixation (particularly by the media) with Watergate. Following the Watergate Scandal, Congress council restricted the genuine info any president had in outer illicit relationships. The War Powers Act (1973) â€Å"requires a president to advise Congress inside forty-eight hours if U.S. troops are conveyed in battle abroad and to pull back soldiers following sixty days except if Congress explicitly supports their stay† (Brown Tindall, and Emory Shi 1264). Congress additionally had a response to Nixon’s â€Å"executive privileges† by reinforcing the 1966 Freedom of Information Act. Before the finish of 1975, corrections to the Freedom of Information Act had gotten viable and the Privacy Act of 1974 likewise got successful. â€Å"The entry of these laws accommodated wide access to FBI records which recently had been seriously restricted. In the previous twenty or more years, the FBI has taken care of more than 300,000 solicitations and more than 6,000,000 pages of FBI reports have been discharged to the general popula tion in paper format.† (Freedom of Information Act (USA)). The Watergate Scandal, and the gatherings included played a key factor in the forming of the official branch that we have today. Constraints and rules have been set; there is not, at this point a danger of the pushing of limits by the president, his delegated bureau, or the government offices that are in direct control of the official branch. Despite the fact that these demonstrations of enactment have constrained the official branch, they have not blocked the activity of the administration in at any rate. As should be obvious, governing rules have been a key point of convergence from the production of American popular government. In this manner we should believe different parts of our legislature to carry out their responsibilities and post for the wellbeing of our nation and exercise their capacity of keeping up the equalization of forces. Examination

Vocabulary Game for English Language Learners (ELL students) Essay

Jargon Game for English Language Learners (ELL understudies) - Essay Example The game in this introduction is one that centers around the utilization of relational words and descriptors. This experience can be identified with what I have found out about ELL and how they associate with material just as the advantages of up close and personal connection. It additionally identifies with things like the advancement of education. â€Å"There is a developing worry over the capacity of the instructive framework to address the issues of the inexorably assorted multiethnic, multilingual study hall. Unmistakable among these necessities is the obtaining of proficiency aptitudes. Lately, analysts have started to challenge oversimplified thoughts about the improvement of English as a Second Language (ESL)1 proficiency skills† (Geva, 2000). The game is essentially a variety of tic-tac-toe. Most understudies, even those from different nations, know about tic-tac-toe, and in the event that they are not, it doesn't take long for the instructor to clarify it, and for them to get on during play. The game starts with the educator utilizing a whiteboard and marker to draw the tic-tac-toe framework. In each square of the matrix, a relational word and modifier are put, with the â€Å"to be† action word included where vital. For instance, in the first round, the network might be â€Å"be apprehensive of,† â€Å"vote for,† â€Å"be certain in,† â€Å"be wedded to,† â€Å"take from,† â€Å"fight for,† â€Å"dream about,† and so on., with one expression in each square. The understudies at that point pair into twos. One understudy is X; the other is O. The understudies alternate utilizing the relational word and descriptive word in their own model, to get the square. At the poin t when the game is finished, the triumphant understudy can play the following understudy up, in a cooperative effort, if essential. In the event that there is no victor in the tic-tac-toe game, the instructor should proceed onward to another gathering of two understudies. Generally speaking, this is a progressively successful game to play in classes of ten or less understudies, since this still

The sun comes up, then goes away

The sun comes up, then goes away EDIT, 6/11/06: Due to some server problems, this entry and its comments got lost, so if you commented, please comment again! Well, commencement is over, and Im officially an MIT graduate. Thats still a little weird, and Im not sure if Im going to believe it for a while. Thanks so much to those of you who watched the webcast and saw me get my diplomas you have a lot more patience than I do! (I was threatening not to go to graduation last night, mostly because I believe strongly in keeping up a tough facade.) It did not, thank heavens, rain on commencement this year, despite weather reports to the contrary and despite the weather pattern thats been plaguing the Boston area this week. Harvards commencement was yesterday, and they got deluged; somebody managed to dig the MIT weather machine out of its box today and get it humming before the class of 2006 took the stage. Everybody was really anxious about the weather, both because it sucks to sit outside in awful weather and because alums had told everybody that the graduation robes bleed red in the rain. My friend Tulasi 06 and I have promised each other since freshman year that wed wear Manolo Blahniks at graduation, but Im really glad we didnt hold each other to that one the ground was squishy! The graduates process from Johnson Athletic Center to Killian Court, too, so Im glad my shoes were sensible, even if they werent works of art. A lot of people wore cool stuff on their mortarboards rubber ducks, flowers, their name in crystals, the letters of their fraternity, ILTFP, and even an entire schooltime tableau with little playing figurines. My friend Wayne 06 wore a fake mustache, because he thought it would be funny for the official graduation pictures, although I dont think his mother agreed with him. MIT alum (and, of course, the chairman of the Federal Reserve) Ben Bernanke PhD 79 gave the guest address, and he gave us a lot to think about. My favorite part of his address: Your training at MIT equips each of you exceptionally well to take full advantage of the personal opportunities that technological innovation and change will create. Each of you, because of your youth, your talent, your demonstrated commitment to learning, and your personal and intellectual achievements during your time at MIT, will soon find, to paraphrase Shakespeare, that the world is your oyster I hope you find some measure of financial reward. But the world has a great deal more to offer than money, and the key question each of you will face repeatedly in your lives is how to use the talent and the education that you have been given and the knowledge you have obtained I hope you will not be afraid to be unconventional, to do something that nobody else has thought of before. And remember that the path to success and fulfillment may not be well-marked, the scaling of some predetermined ladder. It may instead be a road without signs and without maps. And remember, its okay to fail. Really. New opportunities will always arise for those who seek them. I was secretly hoping that hed slip in a line at the end like And in conclusion, I am raising interest rates 500000%! and send Wall Street into a frenzy, and I could be like I was there! But advice of the sort he gave is, of course, always welcome too. And what entry about commencement would be complete without pictures? Graduation was held, as always, in Killian Court. The procession started with important people looking like they were going to a Renaissance festival (seriously, academic regalia is weird) and basically stretched all the way back to Johnson. It was a long line! MITs commencement celebrates the graduation of about 1000 undergrads and another 1200 masters and PhD students. Find me in the procession! (In this picture I am smiling. In the next one my dad took, its pretty obvious that Im trying not to cry.) Me the graduate! The double diploma dance! I have been promising to dance at graduation with a diploma in each hand ever since I decided I was going to double-major. It was just as sweet as it looks. My family came up from Ohio last night to see me graduate, and were going out with Adams family tonight for a big dinner to celebrate my graduation and Adams 21st birthday. Do we look any different than we did at my high school graduation? (Other than the fact that my brothers about a foot taller)

Different Perspectives On The Field Of Policy Essay

1.) Wheelan and Stone present very different perspectives on the field of policy analysis. Describe their perspective using examples from the text. Which perspective do you believe in? Is there a way the two perspectives can co-exist? The perspectives that Wheelan and Stone presents that differentiate from the tow is the basis of how they view public policy and its impact on its citizens. Wheelan approaches the public policy realm from an impactful view of society and how institutions are the driving force behind public policy. Wheelan mentions, â€Å"what any society’s major challenges will always have in common is that they fall under the rubric of public policy, meaning that they cannot be addressed satisfactorily by a single individual or by one entrepreneurial firm† (Wheelan xxi). I believe what he is saying is that the nature of public policy has become so broad and complex that to address the root cause of the issue would never be solved by an individual, group, or entity. Wheelan instead says that public policy would require communal decisions such as where should a new airport be built? How should we protect ourselves against our external enemies? And what substances can or cannot be dumped in a communal water source? (Wheelan xxii). These questions that as a human society and even a human being, we must tackle as the policy decisions that are proposed and presented, will have major and long lasting impacts on society. Furthermore, Wheelan believes that â€Å"public policyShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment : Effective Or Inefficient?1428 Words   |  6 Pagesbecause of crimes but does this Rule/Law is really efficient or inefficient? As in usual some policies can be agreed and disagreed by the individuals. There is many countries apply this rule in such crimes, for example Saudi Arabia apply this rule on who kills innocent people, gets out of the law, and terrorists in general. 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Literature Has The Power Of Free - 2443 Words

Sandra Gonzalez Mrs. Enix Period 7 19 December 2014 Literature Frees Literature has the power to free. Books have the strength to break the bondages of slavery, both literally and figuratively. Literature has the ability to give enslaved men hope for a different life and the drive to achieve it. Books have the power to shatter the racism and the prejudice found in every corner of the world and free the people who are locked into the stereotypes of their race, their religion, their family, their friends, their neighborhood. Even zealous individuals, who feel strongly about their religion or their views on racism and controversial issues such as abortion, marijuana, or LGBT rights, can be changed by one book. Prejudiced minds and racist hearts are nothing to the power of literature. Books and poems, short stories and plays have all changed lives. To some people, reading takes them to other places, places they could never afford to go to, nor have the chance to go. 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Confirmation Bias Free Essays

Confirmation Bias Rosemarie Hamm September 21, 2012 Confirmation Bias Confirmation bias is the human habit of seeking information that confirms one’s judgments or assumptions. One’s current feelings about a situation, memory, or person influence one’s thoughts and memories about that situation, memory, or person. If one is feeling negatively about something or someone, the individual will often recall the worst factors or memories about that person or circumstances. We will write a custom essay sample on Confirmation Bias or any similar topic only for you Order Now However; if one is feeling positively about something or someone, the individual may recall the best factors or memories about that person or circumstances. In this way, one confirms his or her own current feelings. This can end badly; if bad feelings lead to bad memories; which then lead to more bad feelings, in a vicious cycle. This may also cause problems when someone becomes overconfident about someone or something; when his or her positive feelings lead to positive memories and positive expectations [ (Myers, 2012) ]. An example of confirmation bias in relation to negative feelings could be found in a friendship ending without just cause. One person may develop a negative attitude about a friendship. This individual may recall the worst times and forget the best times; which confirms his or perceptions. These perceptions then contribute to more negative memories, and cause a downward spiraling effect [ (Myers, 2012) ]. An example of confirmation bias in relation to positive feelings could be found in a dysfunctional romantic relationship. It is common to overlook negative traits in a new romantic relationship. Positive feelings often affect one’s perceptions of the other individual. One partner may be dishonest or irresponsible; but the other partner may not realize this. The other partner’s positive feelings are masking his or her perceptions of the dishonest or irresponsible partner. The dysfunctional romantic relationship will continue until this cycle ends [ (Myers, 2012) ]. References Myers, D. (2012). Exploring social psychology. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. How to cite Confirmation Bias, Essay examples

Knowledge Work and Organization

Introduction Many organizations in different sectors are using community of practice and innovation to improve on their productivity. Community of practice and innovation are interrelated in some ways. This study seeks to identify their similarities, differences and the effects each have on the organization. The last part explains the challenges that firms that participate in social networks face.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Knowledge Work and Organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Communities of Practice From the community’s point of view, communities of practice are groups of people who come together to meet a common goal. In the business perspective, it is a group of self-motivated people who follow laid out procedures and are challenged to train the persons working with them in order to improve their productivity (Wenger 2000, p.45). These communities of practice are responsible for the smoo th running of the organization. Therefore, they are accountable using their knowledge and skills, are included in the planning of the budget of the organization, and provide the time schedule for the activities carried out in the organization. They have artifacts which are documents, websites and stories and the appointed member maintain them since they are useful in the organization (Kortum Lerner 2000, p.680). According to Fageberg, Mowery and Nelson (2005, p.362), the communities of practice combine three elements in defining competence. They are brought together by understanding the values of their community and every member is accountable to sustain the relationship between them. For a person to be competent in the community of practice, he/she has to be a trusted member and to engage in the activities of the community (Kortum Lerner 2000, p.688). The success of every group depends on the competence and the ability of the leader to engage the whole group in the process of mee ting their goal. During the establishment of the community of practice, members should put in mind what will be bringing them together like the events, who will be leading the group, the projects, connectivity and membership. Unlike closed innovation, any person within or outside the organization can be involved in performing duties that will lead to the success of the organization (Robertson, Paul Langlois 1995, p.560). Innovation Innovation involves bringing valuable ideas into the firm. There are different types of innovation, the closed and open innovation. Open innovation is when those ideas come from inside or outside the firm and are meant to benefit the organization as a whole. Most of the people who create these ideas are from outside the firm and sometimes they are hired to educate employees in the organization on how to implement the ideas. Innovation in this case is the methods that organizations choose to use in response to the challenges in the business environment. T hey involve changing of the traditional practices of the organization to new practices with an aim of improving the productivity of the whole organization.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Innovation includes the introduction of machines and technology that in return requires trained personnel who are ready to apply their knowledge with the help of technology to achieve the objective of the firm (Trott Hartmann 2009, p.720). Open innovation principles states that the external research and development creates more value than the closed innovation. The organizations that use closed innovation believe that they have enough skills required to perform a particular task so they do not require help from outside the company. They believe that if they discover things for themselves, they will be the first to venture into the market. These companies are so self-centered and do not all ow others to benefit from their ideas. This is totally contrary to what open innovators perceive (Dasgupta 2003, p.320). Innovation involves generation of ideas that are essential for an organization to maintain its position in the market. Therefore, it differs from the community of practice in that the community of practice follows the ideas that the innovators have already generated in operating the organization and maintaining their relationship. Innovation involves education, technology and training in the organization (Chesbrough 2006, p.111). The employees are trained on the use of new technologies in their practices to become competent and add productivity. Community of practice uses the ideas to meet the goals and objectives of the whole organization. Therefore, the community of practice requires innovation in their daily work. However, both innovation and community of practice involve learning and training in the performance (Francis 2000, p.34). Social capital is the abili ty to find, combine and utilize knowledge and skills of employees within and outside the organization. Just like open innovation, social capital involves employees from outside the individual organization. Social capital encompasses the information flows, exchange of knowledge, community of practice and all other connected networks that bring together stakeholders in an organization. These stakeholders include suppliers, regulators, employees, customers and partners that are all interested in different aspects of the organization. The social capital and community of services are interconnected since both involve innovative practices. The social capital is obtained from employee business networks and the profession.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Knowledge Work and Organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More An organization that is able to apply the social capital is always more productive that the one that ha s no social capital. Innovation is an essential aspect for the productivity of the firm. â€Å"Social capital provides benefits to both the individual and the group as a whole† (Burt Ronald 1992, p.45). Differences between open innovation and communities of practice Communities of practice are groups of people in organizations who converge, share ideas about performing a duty or meeting a goal and learns how to the duty better to get the best practices. Open innovation on the other hand involves identifying and bringing together internal and external resources and ideas to expand on their innovation strategy with an aim of maintaining the firm’s market position on getting new opportunities (Amina Roberts 2008, p. 359) Open innovation is a cognitive model researching, creating and interpreting innovation practices while the communities of practice are not a cognitive model. Communities are not restricted by the organization’s structure, they involve people acr oss the geographical and organizational limits while the open innovation is limited by the structure of the organization and must follow the hierarchy. Similarities of the communities of practice and the open innovation The community of practice must use the technology while still sharing their ideas and learning more about those ideas. Similarly, open innovation involves the use technological practices to bring new ideas in an organization (Amina Roberts 2008, p. 354). Both communities of practice and open innovation involve a group of individuals in an organization and are aimed at improving the performance of the firm (Hardcastle 2011, p.52). The members of both communities of practice and the innovation group are from different professions and are not restricted to one organization but involve internal and external knowledge in the improvement of the firms’ performance. Communities of practice and open innovation involve the process of learning searching for informat ion about how they can create new markets or future opportunities for the organization. Challenges Faced by the Organizations’ Social Networks As discussed earlier, the community of practice, the social capital and the practice-based networks depend so much on innovation. Innovation depends so much on the technology which most of the employees fear since they think that they will lose their jobs. The community of practice may come up with ideas that can cost the organization a lot of money and resources that the organization may not afford. The organization can be forced to borrow or hire the resources, which affect the budget and affect the productivity of the organization. The social groups in the organization require frequent training, which can also be costly to the organization (Francis 2000, p.40). Through innovation, the leaders in the organization may be over possessed with competition giving much pressure to the other employees and reduces their productivity. Accord ing to Chesbrough and Melissa (2007, p. 69), the community of practice in many cases asks for higher pay than the others since they have more responsibilities of changing the old practice of the organization to new improved processes. This is a major challenge for the organization. People perceive ideas differently therefore, for an organization to benefit fully from the community of practice and the social capital, the members involved must understand each other’s behavior. This will help them accommodate each other. The organization is responsible for the education and leadership of this individual in understanding each other and enhancing their knowledge (Chesbrough Melissa 2007, p.62). Conclusion Changes in technology around the world have improved the performance of organizations. Firms traditionally used the closed innovation in their research and development but today they have changed to open innovation. Communities of practice are also used in all organizations in a ll sectors to develop ideas on increasing the productivity of the firm. However, companies are faced with so many challenges in the process of promoting their social groups. This is because the decision making process is slowed by a number of people whose perspective is different from policy makers but trust, negotiation and consultations bring the ideas together.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More List of References Amina, A and Roberts, J 2008, Knowing in action: Beyond communities of practice, Elsevier B.V, vol , 37, pp, 353–369. Burt, Ronald, S 1992, Structural holes: The social structure of competition, Harvard University Press, London. Chesbrough, H and Melissa M, 2007, Open innovation and strategy appleyard, California Management Review, vol.50, no.1, pp.57-76. Chesbrough, W 2006, Open innovation: the new imperative for creating and profiting from technology, Harvard Business Press, New York. Dasgupta, P 2003, Social capital and economic performance: Analytics, in foundations of social capital, Critical Studies In Economic Institutions, vol.2, no.1, pp.309–39. Fageberg, J, Mowery, D Nelson, R 2005, Oxford handbook of innovation, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Francis, F 2000, The great disruption: Human nature and the reconstruction of social order, Simon and Schuster, New York. Hardcastle, D 2011, Community practice: Theories and skills for social work ers, Oxford University Press, Oxford, Kortum, S and Lerner, J 2000, Assessing the contribution of venture capital to innovation, Journal of Economics, vol.31, no.2, pp.674–692. Robertson, Paul L. and Langlois, R 1995, Innovation, Networks, and Integration, Research Policy, vol. 24, pp.543-562. Trott, P and Hartmann, D 2009, Why Open Innovation is old wine in new bottles, International Journal of Innovation Management, vol.13, no.2, pp.715–736. Wenger, E 2000, Communities of practice and social learning systems, Sage, New York. This essay on Knowledge Work and Organization was written and submitted by user Elijah George to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.